Curriculum

22 Sections
861 Lessons
10 Weeks

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U01.01 Biochemistry
This biochemistry review for USMLE Step 1 covers essential topics including metabolism, enzymology, and molecular biology.
136
- 1.1
  U01.01.001 Chromatin structure
- 1.2
  U01.01.002 Nucleotides
- 1.3
  U01.01.003 De novo pyrimidine and purine synthesis
- 1.4
  U01.01.004 Purine salvage deficiencies
- 1.5
  U01.01.005 Genetic code features
- 1.6
  U01.01.006 DNA replication
- 1.7
  U01.01.007 DNA repair
- 1.8
  U01.01.008 Mutations in DNA
- 1.9
  U01.01.009 Lac operon
- 1.10
  U01.01.010 Functional organization of a eukaryotic gene
- 1.11
  U01.01.011 Regulation of gene expression
- 1.12
  U01.01.012 RNA processing (eukaryotes)
- 1.13
  U01.01.013 RNA polymerases
- 1.14
  U01.01.014 Introns vs exons
- 1.15
  U01.01.015 Splicing of pre-mRNA
- 1.16
  U01.01.016 tRNA
- 1.17
  U01.01.017 Start and stop codons
- 1.18
  U01.01.018 Protein synthesis
- 1.19
  U01.01.019 Posttranslational modifications
- 1.20
  U01.01.020 Chaperone protein
- 1.21
  U01.01.021 Cell cycle phases
- 1.22
  U01.01.022 Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- 1.23
  U01.01.023 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- 1.24
  U01.01.024 Cell trafficking
- 1.25
  U01.01.025 Peroxisome
- 1.26
  U01.01.026 Proteasome
- 1.27
  U01.01.027 Cytoskeletal elements
- 1.28
  U01.01.028 Microtubule
- 1.29
  U01.01.029 Cilia structure
- 1.30
  U01.01.030 Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- 1.31
  U01.01.031 Sodium-potassium pump
- 1.32
  U01.01.032 Collagen
- 1.33
  U01.01.033 Collagen synthesis and structure
- 1.34
  U01.01.034 Osteogenesis imperfecta
- 1.35
  U01.01.035 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- 1.36
  U01.01.036 Menkes disease
- 1.37
  U01.01.037 Elastin
- 1.38
  U01.01.038 Marfan syndrome
- 1.39
  U01.01.039 Homocystinuria
- 1.40
  U01.01.040 Polymerase chain reaction
- 1.41
  U01.01.041 CRISPR/Cas9
- 1.42
  U01.01.042 Blotting Procedures
- 1.43
  U01.01.043 Flow cytometry
- 1.44
  U01.01.044 Microarrays
- 1.45
  U01.01.045 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- 1.46
  U01.01.046 Karyotyping
- 1.47
  U01.01.047 Fluorescence in situ hybridization
- 1.48
  U01.01.048 Molecular cloning
- 1.49
  U01.01.049 Gene expression modifications
- 1.50
  U01.01.050 Genetic terms
- 1.51
  U01.01.051 Population genetics
- 1.52
  U01.01.052 Hardy-Weinberg population genetics
- 1.53
  U01.01.053 Disorders of imprinting
- 1.54
  U01.01.054 Modes of inheritance
- 1.55
  U01.01.055 Autosomal dominant diseases
- 1.56
  U01.01.056 Autosomal recessive diseases
- 1.57
  U01.01.057 Cystic fibrosis
- 1.58
  U01.01.058 X-linked recessive disorders
- 1.59
  U01.01.059 Muscular dystrophies
- 1.60
  U01.01.060 Mitochondrial Diseases
- 1.61
  U01.01.061 Rett syndrome
- 1.62
  U01.01.062 Fragile X syndrome
- 1.63
  U01.01.063 Trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases
- 1.64
  U01.01.064 Autosomal trisomies
- 1.65
  U01.01.065 Genetic disorders by chromosome
- 1.66
  U01.01.066 Robertsonian translocation
- 1.67
  U01.01.067 Cri-du-chat syndrome
- 1.68
  U01.01.068 Williams syndrome
- 1.69
  U01.01.069 Essential fatty acids
- 1.70
  U01.01.070 Vitamins: fat soluble
- 1.71
  U01.01.071 Vitamins: Water soluble
- 1.72
  U01.01.072 Dietary supplementation
- 1.73
  U01.01.073 Vitamin A
- 1.74
  U01.01.074 Vitamin B1
- 1.75
  U01.01.075 Vitamin B2
- 1.76
  U01.01.076 Vitamin B3
- 1.77
  U01.01.077 Vitamin B5
- 1.78
  U01.01.078 Vitamin B6
- 1.79
  U01.01.079 Vitamin B7
- 1.80
  U01.01.080 Vitamin B9
- 1.81
  U01.01.081 Vitamin B12
- 1.82
  U01.01.082 Vitamin C
- 1.83
  U01.01.083 Vitamin D
- 1.84
  U01.01.084 Vitamin E
- 1.85
  U01.01.085 Vitamin K
- 1.86
  U01.01.086 Zinc
- 1.87
  U01.01.087 Protein-energy malnutrition
- 1.88
  U01.01.088 Ethanol metabolism
- 1.89
  U01.01.089 Enzyme terminology
- 1.90
  U01.01.090 Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes
- 1.91
  U01.01.091 Metabolic compartmentation
- 1.92
  U01.01.092 Summary of pathways
- 1.93
  U01.01.093 Activated carriers
- 1.94
  U01.01.094 Universal electron acceptors
- 1.95
  U01.01.095 Hexokinase vs glucokinase
- 1.96
  U01.01.096 Glycolysis regulation
- 1.97
  U01.01.097 Regulation by fructose-2,6- bisphosphate
- 1.98
  U01.01.098 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- 1.99
  U01.01.099 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency
- 1.100
  U01.01.100 Pyruvate metabolism
- 1.101
  U01.01.101 TCA cycle
- 1.102
  U01.01.102 Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
- 1.103
  U01.01.103 Gluconeogenesis, irreversible enzymes
- 1.104
  U01.01.104 Pentose phosphate pathway
- 1.105
  U01.01.105 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- 1.106
  U01.01.106 Disorders of fructose metabolism
- 1.107
  U01.01.107 Disorders of galactose metabolism
- 1.108
  U01.01.108 Sorbitol
- 1.109
  U01.01.109 Lactase deficiency
- 1.110
  U01.01.110 Amino acids
- 1.111
  U01.01.111 Urea cycle
- 1.112
  U01.01.112 Transport of ammonia by alanine
- 1.113
  U01.01.113 Hyperammonemia
- 1.114
  U01.01.114 Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
- 1.115
  U01.01.115 Amino acid derivatives
- 1.116
  U01.01.116 Catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine catabolism
- 1.117
  U01.01.117 Phenylketonuria
- 1.118
  U01.01.118 Maple syrup urine disease
- 1.119
  U01.01.119 Alkaptonuria
- 1.120
  U01.01.120 Homocystinuria
- 1.121
  U01.01.121 Cystinuria
- 1.122
  U01.01.122 Organic acidemias
- 1.123
  U01.01.123 Glycogen regulation by insulin and glucagon/epinephrine
- 1.124
  U01.01.124 Glycogen
- 1.125
  U01.01.125 Glycogen storage diseases
- 1.126
  U01.01.126 Lysosomal storage diseases
- 1.127
  U01.01.127 Fatty acid metabolism
- 1.128
  U01.01.128 Ketone bodies
- 1.129
  U01.01.129 Fasted vs fed state
- 1.130
  U01.01.130 Metabolic fuel use
- 1.131
  U01.01.132 Key enzymes in lipid transport
- 1.132
  U01.01.131 Lipid transport
- 1.133
  U01.01.133 Major apolipoproteins
- 1.134
  U01.01.134 Lipoprotein functions
- 1.135
  U01.01.135 Abetalipoproteinemia
- 1.136
  U01.01.136 Familial dyslipidemias
U01.02 Immunology
Prepare for USMLE Step 1 Immunology with a comprehensive review covering foundational concepts, immune system mechanisms, and key disorders to solidify your understanding and boost exam readiness.
39
- 2.1
  U01.02.001 Immune system organs
- 2.2
  U01.02.002 Lymph node
- 2.3
  U01.02.003 Lymphatic drainage associations
- 2.4
  U01.02.004 Spleen
- 2.5
  U01.02.005 Thymus
- 2.6
  U01.02.006 Innate vs adaptive immunity
- 2.7
  U01.02.007 Immune privilege
- 2.8
  U01.02.008 Major histocompatibility complex I and II
- 2.9
  U01.02.009 HLA subtypes associated with diseases
- 2.10
  U01.02.010 Natural killer cells
- 2.11
  U01.02.011 Major functions of B and T cells
- 2.12
  U01.02.012 Differentiation of T Cells
- 2.13
  01.02.013 Macrophage–Lymphocyte Interaction (Th1–Macrophage Axis)
- 2.14
  01.02.014 Cytotoxic T cell
- 2.15
  U01.02.015 Regulatory T cells
- 2.16
  U01.02.016 T- and B-cell activation
- 2.17
  U01.02.017 Anergy
- 2.18
  U01.02.018 Antibody Structure and Function
- 2.19
  U01.02.019 Immunoglobulin Isotypes
- 2.20
  U01.02.020 Antigen Type and Immunologic Memory
- 2.21
  U01.02.021 Complement System
- 2.22
  U01.02.022 Complement disorders
- 2.23
  U01.02.023 Cytokines
- 2.24
  U01.02.024 Respiratory Burst
- 2.25
  U01.02.025 Type I Interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β)
- 2.26
  U01.02.026 Cell Surface Proteins
- 2.27
  U01.02.027 Passive vs active immunity
- 2.28
  U01.02.028 Vaccination
- 2.29
  U01.02.029 Hypersensitivity types
- 2.30
  U01.02.030 Blood transfusion reactions
- 2.31
  U01.02.031 Autoantibodies
- 2.32
  U01.02.032 Immunodeficiencies: B-cell disorders
- 2.33
  U01.02.033 Immunodeficiencies: T-cell disorders
- 2.34
  U01.02.034 Immunodeficiencies B- & T- cell disorders
- 2.35
  U01.02.035 Immunodeficiencies Phagocyte dysfunction
- 2.36
  U01.02.036 Infections in immunodeficiency
- 2.37
  U01.02.037 Transplant rejection
- 2.38
  U01.02.038 Immunosuppressants
- 2.39
  U01.02.039 Recombinant cytokines and clinical uses
U01.03 Microbiology
Review essential microbiology topics for the USMLE Step 1, covering key pathogens, mechanisms of disease, and antimicrobial principles critical for mastering infectious disease concepts.
183
- 3.1
  U01.03.001 Bacterial structures
- 3.2
  U01.03.002 Cell envelope
- 3.3
  U01.03.003 Stains
- 3.4
  U01.03.004 Growth media
- 3.5
  U01.03.005 Anaerobes
- 3.6
  U01.03.006 Intracellular bacteria
- 3.7
  U01.03.007 Encapsulated bacteria
- 3.8
  U01.03.008 Urease-positive organisms
- 3.9
  U01.03.009 Catalase-positive organisms
- 3.10
  U01.03.010 Pigment producing bacteria
- 3.11
  U01.03.011 Biofilm producing bacteria
- 3.12
  U01.03.012 Spore forming bacteria
- 3.13
  U01.03.013 Bacterial virulence factor
- 3.14
  U01.03.014 Antibiotic resistance mechanisms
- 3.15
  U01.03.015 Bacterial genetics
- 3.16
  U01.03.016 Features of exotoxins and endotoxins
- 3.17
  U01.03.017 Bacteria with exotoxins
- 3.18
  U01.03.018 Bacterial endotoxin
- 3.19
  U01.03.019 Gram-positive lab algorithm
- 3.20
  U01.03.020 Hemolytic Bacteria
- 3.21
  U01.03.021 Staphylococcus aureus
- 3.22
  U01.03.022 Staphylococcus epidermidis
- 3.23
  U01.03.023 Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- 3.24
  U01.03.024 Streptococcus pneumoniae
- 3.25
  U01.03.025 Viridans group streptococci
- 3.26
  U01.03.026 Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci)
- 3.27
  U01.03.027 Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci)
- 3.28
  U01.03.028 Streptococcus gallolyticus
- 3.29
  U01.03.029 Enterococci
- 3.30
  U01.03.030 Bacillus anthracis
- 3.31
  U01.03.031 Bacillus cereus
- 3.32
  U01.03.032 Clostridioides difficile
- 3.33
  U01.03.033 Clostridium tetani
- 3.34
  U01.03.034 Clostridium botulinum
- 3.35
  U01.03.035 Clostridium perfringens
- 3.36
  U01.03.036 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- 3.37
  U01.03.037 Listeria monocytogenes
- 3.38
  U01.03.038 Nocardia
- 3.39
  U01.03.039 Actinomyces
- 3.40
  U01.03.040 Mycobacteria
- 3.41
  U01.03.041 Tuberculosis
- 3.42
  U01.03.042 Leprosy
- 3.43
  U01.03.043 Gram-negative lab algorithm
- 3.44
  U01.03.044 Neisseria
- 3.45
  U01.03.045 Haemophilus influenzae
- 3.46
  U01.03.046 Burkholderia cepacia complex
- 3.47
  U01.03.047 Bordetella pertussis
- 3.48
  U01.03.048 Brucella
- 3.49
  U01.03.049 Legionella pneumophila
- 3.50
  U01.03.050 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 3.51
  U01.03.051 Salmonella
- 3.52
  U01.03.052 Shigella
- 3.53
  U01.03.053 Yersinia enterocolitica
- 3.54
  U01.03.054 Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria
- 3.55
  U01.03.055 Escherichia coli
- 3.56
  U01.03.056 Klebsiella
- 3.57
  U01.03.057 Campylobacter jejuni
- 3.58
  U01.03.058 Proteus mirabilis
- 3.59
  U01.03.059 Vibrio cholerae
- 3.60
  U01.03.060 Helicobacter pylori
- 3.61
  U01.03.061 Spirochetes A
- 3.62
  U01.03.062 Lyme disease
- 3.63
  U01.03.063 Leptospira interrogans
- 3.64
  U01.03.064 Syphilis
- 3.65
  U01.03.065 Diagnosing syphilis
- 3.66
  U01.03.066 Chlamydiae
- 3.67
  U01.03.067 Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes
- 3.68
  U01.03.068 Gardnerella vaginalis
- 3.69
  U01.03.069 Zoonotic bacteria
- 3.70
  U01.03.070 Rickettsial diseases and vector-borne illnesses
- 3.71
  U01.03.071 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- 3.72
  U01.03.072 Systemic mycoses
- 3.73
  U01.03.073 Opportunistic fungal infections
- 3.74
  U01.03.074 Pneumocystis jirovecii
- 3.75
  U01.03.075 Sporothrix schenckii
- 3.76
  U01.03.076 Protozoa: Gastrointestinal infections
- 3.77
  U01.03.077 Protozoa: CNS infections
- 3.78
  U01.03.078 Protozoa: Hematologic infections
- 3.79
  U01.03.079 Protozoa: Others
- 3.80
  U01.03.080 Nematode routes of infection
- 3.81
  U01.03.081 Nematodes (roundworms)
- 3.82
  U01.03.082 Cestodes (tapeworms)
- 3.83
  U01.03.083 Trematodes (flukes)
- 3.84
  U01.03.084 Ectoparasites
- 3.85
  U01.03.085 Viral structure—general features
- 3.86
  U01.03.086 Viral genetics
- 3.87
  U01.03.087 Viral genomes
- 3.88
  U01.03.088 Viral envelopes
- 3.89
  U01.03.089 DNA viruses
- 3.90
  U01.03.090 Herpesviruses
- 3.91
  U01.03.091 HSV identification
- 3.92
  U01.03.092 Receptors used by viruses
- 3.93
  U01.03.093 RNA viruses
- 3.94
  U01.03.094 Picornavirus
- 3.95
  U01.03.095 Rhinovirus
- 3.96
  U01.03.096 Rotavirus A
- 3.97
  U01.03.097 Influenza viruses
- 3.98
  U01.03.099 Rubella virus
- 3.99
  U01.03.098 Paramyxoviruses
- 3.100
  U01.03.100 Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
- 3.101
  U01.03.101 Measles (rubeola) virus
- 3.102
  U01.03.102 Mumps virus
- 3.103
  U01.03.103 Arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
- 3.104
  U01.03.104 Yellow fever virus
- 3.105
  U01.03.105 Zika virus
- 3.106
  U01.03.106 Rabies virus
- 3.107
  U01.03.107 Ebola virus
- 3.108
  U01.03.108 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- 3.109
  U01.03.109 Hepatitis viruses
- 3.110
  U01.03.110 Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B and C
- 3.111
  U01.03.111 Hepatitis serologic markers
- 3.112
  U01.03.112 HIV
- 3.113
  U01.03.113 HIV diagnosis
- 3.114
  U01.03.114 Common diseases of HIV-positive adults
- 3.115
  U01.03.115 Prions
- 3.116
  U01.03.116 Normal microbiota: dominant
- 3.117
  U01.03.117 Bugs causing foodborne illness
- 3.118
  U01.03.118 Bugs causing diarrhea
- 3.119
  U01.03.119 Common causes of pneumonia
- 3.120
  U01.03.120 Common causes of meningitis
- 3.121
  U01.03.121 Cerebrospinal fluid findings in meningitis
- 3.122
  U01.03.122 Infections causing brain abscess
- 3.123
  U01.03.123 Osteomyelitis
- 3.124
  U01.03.124 Red rashes of childhood
- 3.125
  U01.03.125 Urinary tract infections
- 3.126
  U01.03.126 Common vaginal infections
- 3.127
  U01.03.127 Sexually transmitted infections
- 3.128
  U01.03.128 TORCH infections
- 3.129
  U01.03.129 Pelvic inflammatory disease
- 3.130
  U01.03.130 Healthcare-associated infections
- 3.131
  U01.03.131 Bugs affecting unvaccinated children
- 3.132
  U01.03.132 Antimicrobial therapy
- 3.133
  U01.03.133 Penicillin G, V
- 3.134
  U01.03.134 Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins
- 3.135
  U01.03.136 Piperacillin
- 3.136
  U01.03.135 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
- 3.137
  U01.03.137 Cephalosporins
- 3.138
  U01.03.138 ß -lactamase inhibitors
- 3.139
  U01.03.139 Carbapenems
- 3.140
  U01.03.140 Aztreonam
- 3.141
  U01.03.141 Vancomycin
- 3.142
  U01.03.142 Protein synthesis inhibitors
- 3.143
  U01.03.143 Aminoglycosides
- 3.144
  U01.03.144 Tetracyclines
- 3.145
  U01.03.145 Tigecycline
- 3.146
  U01.03.146 Chloramphenicol
- 3.147
  U01.03.147 Clindamycin
- 3.148
  U01.03.148 Linezolid
- 3.149
  U01.03.149 Macrolides
- 3.150
  U01.03.150 Polymyxins
- 3.151
  U01.03.151 Sulfonamides
- 3.152
  U01.03.152 Dapsone
- 3.153
  U01.03.153 Trimethoprim
- 3.154
  U01.03.154 Fluoroquinolones
- 3.155
  U01.03.155 Daptomycin
- 3.156
  U01.03.156 Metronidazole
- 3.157
  U01.03.157 Antituberculous drugs
- 3.158
  U01.03.158 Antimycobacterial therapy
- 3.159
  U01.03.159 Antimicrobial prophylaxis
- 3.160
  U01.03.160 Prophylaxis in HIV infection/AIDS
- 3.161
  U01.03.161 Antifungal therapy
- 3.162
  U01.03.162 Amphotericin B
- 3.163
  U01.03.163 Nystatin
- 3.164
  U01.03.164 Flucytosine
- 3.165
  U01.03.165 Azoles
- 3.166
  U01.03.166 Terbinafine
- 3.167
  U01.03.167 Echinocandins
- 3.168
  U01.03.168 Griseofulvin
- 3.169
  U01.03.169 Antiprotozoal therapy
- 3.170
  U01.03.170 Anti-mite/louse therapy
- 3.171
  U01.03.171 Chloroquine
- 3.172
  U01.03.172 Antihelminthic therapy
- 3.173
  U01.03.173 Oseltamivir, zanamivir
- 3.174
  U01.03.174 Baloxavir
- 3.175
  U01.03.175 Remdesivir
- 3.176
  U01.03.176 Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir
- 3.177
  U01.03.177 Ganciclovir
- 3.178
  U01.03.178 Foscarnet
- 3.179
  U01.03.179 Cidofovir
- 3.180
  U01.03.180 HIV therapy
- 3.181
  U01.03.181 Hepatitis C therapy
- 3.182
  U01.03.182 Disinfection and sterilization
- 3.183
  U01.03.183 Antimicrobials to avoid in pregnancy
U01.04 General Pathology
Explore key concepts in general pathology essential for the USMLE Step 1. This review covers fundamental principles, disease mechanisms, and clinical correlations to help you excel in your medical exam.
38
- 4.1
  U01.04.001 Cellular adaptations
- 4.2
  U01.04.002 Cell injury
- 4.3
  U01.04.003 Apoptosis
- 4.4
  U01.04.004 Necrosis
- 4.5
  U01.04.005 Ischemia
- 4.6
  U01.04.006 Types of infarcts
- 4.7
  U01.04.007 Free radical injury
- 4.8
  U01.04.008 Types of calcification
- 4.9
  U01.04.009 Psammoma Bodies
- 4.10
  U01.04.010 Amyloidosis
- 4.11
  U01.04.011 Inflammation
- 4.12
  U01.04.012 Acute phase reactants
- 4.13
  U01.04.013 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- 4.14
  U01.04.014 Acute inflammation
- 4.15
  U01.04.015 Leukocyte extravasation
- 4.16
  U01.04.016 Chronic inflammation
- 4.17
  U01.04.017 Wound healing
- 4.18
  U01.04.018 Granulomatous inflammation
- 4.19
  U01.04.019 Scar formation
- 4.20
  U01.04.020 Neoplasia and neoplastic progression
- 4.21
  U01.04.021 Tumor nomenclature
- 4.22
  U01.04.022 Tumor grade vs stage
- 4.23
  U01.04.023 Hallmarks of cancer
- 4.24
  U01.04.024 Immune checkpoint interactions
- 4.25
  U01.04.025 Cancer epidemiology
- 4.26
  U01.04.026 Common metastases
- 4.27
  U01.04.027 Oncogenes
- 4.28
  U01.04.028 Tumor suppressor genes
- 4.29
  U01.04.029 Carcinogens
- 4.30
  U01.04.030 Oncogenic microbes
- 4.31
  U01.04.031 Serum tumor markers
- 4.32
  U01.04.031 Serum tumor markers
- 4.33
  U01.04.032 Liquid biopsy
- 4.34
  U01.04.033 Immunohistochemical stains
- 4.35
  U01.04.034 P-glycoprotein
- 4.36
  U01.04.035 Paraneoplastic syndromes
- 4.37
  U01.04.036 Normal aging
- 4.38
  U01.04.037 Lipofuscin
U01.05 Pharmacology
Master key pharmacology concepts for the USMLE Step 1 with a focus on drug mechanisms, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and interactions essential for high-yield exam performance.
42
- 5.1
  U01.05.001 Enzyme kinetics
- 5.2
  U01.05.002 Pharmacokinetics
- 5.3
  U01.05.003 Dosage calculation
- 5.4
  U01.05.004 Drug metabolism
- 5.5
  U01.05.005 Elimination of drugs
- 5.6
  U01.05.006 Urine pH and drug elimination
- 5.7
  U01.05.007 Efficacy vs potency
- 5.8
  U01.05.008 Receptor binding
- 5.9
  U01.05.009 Therapeutic index
- 5.10
  U01.05.010 Types of drug interactions
- 5.11
  U01.05.011 Autonomic receptors
- 5.12
  U01.05.012 Acetylcholine receptors
- 5.13
  U01.05.013 Pain transmission
- 5.14
  U01.05.014 Micturition control
- 5.15
  U01.05.015 Tissue distribution of adrenergic receptors
- 5.16
  U01.05.016 G-protein–linked second messengers
- 5.17
  U01.05.017 Autonomic drugs
- 5.18
  U01.05.018 Cholinomimetic agents
- 5.19
  U01.05.019 Anticholinesterase poisoning
- 5.20
  U01.05.020 Muscarinic antagonists
- 5.21
  U01.05.021 Atropine
- 5.22
  U01.05.022 Sympathomimetics
- 5.23
  U01.05.023 Physiologic effects of sympathomimetics
- 5.24
  U01.05.024 Sympatholytics (2-agonists)
- 5.25
  U01.05.025 ɑ-blockers
- 5.26
  U01.05.026 ß-blockers
- 5.27
  U01.05.027 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- 5.28
  U01.05.028 Ingested seafood toxins
- 5.29
  U01.05.029 Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics
- 5.30
  U01.05.030 Specific toxicity treatments
- 5.31
  U01.05.031 Drug reactions: Cardiovascular
- 5.32
  U01.05.032 Drug reactions: Endocrine/reproductive
- 5.33
  U01.05.033 Drug reactions—gastrointestinal
- 5.34
  U01.05.034 Drug reactions—hematologic
- 5.35
  U01.05.035 Drug reactions—musculoskeletal/skin/connective tissue
- 5.36
  U01.05.036 Drug reactions—neurologic
- 5.37
  U01.05.037 Drug reactions—renal/genitourinary
- 5.38
  U01.05.038 Drug reactions—respiratory
- 5.39
  U01.05.039 Drug reactions—multiorgan
- 5.40
  U01.05.040 Drugs affecting pupil size
- 5.41
  U01.05.041 Cytochrome P-450 interactions
- 5.42
  U01.05.042 Sulfa drugs
U01.06 Public Health Sciences
Review essential Public Health Sciences topics for the USMLE Step 1, covering epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy, and ethics to strengthen your understanding of foundational public health principles.
59
- 6.1
  U01.06.010 Receiving operating characteristic curve
- 6.2
  U01.06.011 Precision vs accuracy
- 6.3
  U01.06.012 Incidence vs prevalence
- 6.4
  U01.06.013 Bias and study errors
- 6.5
  U01.06.014 Confounding vs effect modification
- 6.6
  U01.06.015 Statistical distribution
- 6.7
  U01.06.016 Statistical hypotheses
- 6.8
  U01.06.017 Outcomes of statistical hypothesis testing
- 6.9
  U01.06.018 tatistical vs clinical significance
- 6.10
  U01.06.019 Confidence interval
- 6.11
  U01.06.020 Meta-analysis
- 6.12
  U01.06.021 Common statistical tests
- 6.13
  U01.06.022 Pearson correlation coefficient
- 6.14
  U01.06.023 Core ethical principles
- 6.15
  U01.06.024 Decision-making capacity
- 6.16
  U01.06.025 Informed consent
- 6.17
  U01.06.026 Consent for minors
- 6.18
  U01.06.027 Advance directives
- 6.19
  U01.06.028 Ventilator-assisted life support
- 6.20
  U01.06.029 Surrogate decisionmaker
- 6.21
  U01.06.030 Confidentiality
- 6.22
  U01.06.031 Accepting gifts from patients
- 6.23
  U01.06.032 Patient-centered interviewing techniques
- 6.24
  U01.06.033 Establishing rapport
- 6.25
  U01.06.034 Delivering bad news
- 6.26
  U01.06.035 Gender- and sexualityinclusive history taking
- 6.27
  U01.06.036 Cultural formulation interview
- 6.28
  U01.06.037 Motivational interviewing
- 6.29
  U01.06.038 Trauma-informed care
- 6.30
  U01.06.039 Challenging patient and ethical scenarios
- 6.31
  U01.06.040 Communicating with patients with disabilities
- 6.32
  U01.06.041 Use of interpreters
- 6.33
  U01.06.042 Disease prevention
- 6.34
  U01.06.043 Major medical insurance plans
- 6.35
  U01.06.044 Healthcare payment models
- 6.36
  U01.06.045 Medicare and Medicaid
- 6.37
  U01.06.046 Hospice care
- 6.38
  U01.06.047 Types of medical errors
- 6.39
  U01.06.0 48 Medical error analysis
- 6.40
  U01.06.049 Burnout vs fatigue
- 6.41
  U01.06.049 Burnout vs fatigue
- 6.42
  U01.06.050 Safety culture
- 6.43
  U01.06.051 Human factors design
- 6.44
  U01.06.052 PDSA cycle
- 6.45
  U01.06.053 Quality measurements
- 6.46
  U01.06.054 Swiss cheese model
- 6.47
  U01.06.055 Changes in the elderly
- 6.48
  U01.06.056 Common causes of death (US) by age
- 6.49
  U01.06.057 Conditions with frequent hospital readmissions
- 6.50
  U01.06.001 Observational studies
- 6.51
  U01.06.002 Clinical trial
- 6.52
  U01.06.003 Off-label drug use
- 6.53
  U01.06.004 Bradford Hill criteria
- 6.54
  U01.06.005 Quantifying risk
- 6.55
  U01.06.006 Demographic transition
- 6.56
  U01.06.007 Kaplan–Meier Curve
- 6.57
  U01.06.008 Evaluation of diagnostic tests
- 6.58
  U01.06.009 Likelihood ratio
- 6.59
  U01.06.010 Receiving operating characteristic curve
U01.07 Cardiovascular system
Comprehensive review of essential cardiovascular system topics to help you excel in the USMLE Step 1 exam, covering key concepts from anatomy to pathology.
67
- 7.1
  U01.07.031 Congenital heart diseases
  45 Minutes
- 7.2
  U01.07.032 Congenital cardiac defect associations
  25 Minutes
- 7.3
  U01.07.033 Hypertension
  30 Minutes
- 7.4
  U01.07.034 Hyperlipidemia
  25 Minutes
- 7.5
  U01.07.035 Arteriosclerosis
  30 Minutes
- 7.6
  U01.07.036 Atherosclerosis
  30 Minutes
- 7.7
  U01.07.037 Aortic aneurysm
  30 Minutes
- 7.8
  U01.07.038 Traumatic aortic rupture
  20 Minutes
- 7.9
  U01.07.039 Aortic dissection
  30 Minutes
- 7.10
  U01.07.040 Ischemic heart disease manifestations
  40 Minutes
- 7.11
  U01.07.041 Evolution of myocardial infarction
  25 Minutes
- 7.12
  U01.07.042 Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
  20 Minutes
- 7.13
  U01.07.043 ECG localization of STEMI
  25 Minutes
- 7.14
  U01.07.044 Myocardial infarction complications
  35 Minutes
- 7.15
  U01.07.045 Acute coronary syndrome treatments
  30 Minutes
- 7.16
  U01.07.046 Cardiomyopathies
  35 Minutes
- 7.17
  U01.07.047 Heart failure
  30 Minutes
- 7.18
  U01.07.048 Shock
  25 Minutes
- 7.19
  U01.07.049 Cardiac tamponade
  20 Minutes
- 7.20
  U01.07.050 Bacterial endocarditis
  30 Minutes
- 7.21
  U01.07.051 Rheumatic fever
  35 Minutes
- 7.22
  U01.07.052 Syphilitic heart disease
  30 Minutes
- 7.23
  U01.07.053 Acute pericarditis
  30 Minutes
- 7.24
  U01.07.054 Myocarditis
  25 Minutes
- 7.25
  U01.07.055 Vasculitides
  60 Minutes
- 7.26
  U01.07.056 Cardiac tumors
  30 Minutes
- 7.27
  U01.07.057 Kussmaul sign
  30 Minutes
- 7.28
  U01.07.058 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
  20 Minutes
- 7.29
  U01.07.059 Hypertension treatment
  25 Minutes
- 7.30
  U01.07.060 Hydralazine
  25 Minutes
- 7.31
  U01.07.061 Hypertensive emergencies
  25 Minutes
- 7.32
  U01.07.062 Nitrates
  25 Minutes
- 7.33
  U01.07.063 Ranolazine
  15 Minutes
- 7.34
  U01.07.064 Sacubitril
  15 Minutes
- 7.35
  U01.07.065 Antianginal therapy
  40 Minutes
- 7.36
  U01.07.066 Lipid-lowering agents
  60 Minutes
- 7.37
  U01.07.067 Cardiac glycosides
  30 Minutes
- 7.38
  U01.07.068 Antiarrhythmics— sodium channel blockers (class I)
  30 Minutes
- 7.39
  U01.07.069 Antiarrhythmics— β-blockers (class II)
  30 Minutes
- 7.40
  U01.07.070 Antiarrhythmics— potassium channel blockers (class III)
  30 Minutes
- 7.41
  U01.07.071 Antiarrhythmics— calcium channel blockers (class IV)
  40 Minutes
- 7.42
  U01.07.072 Other antiarrhythmics
  30 Minutes
- 7.43
  U01.07.001 Heart morphogenesis
- 7.44
  U01.07.002 Heart embryology
- 7.45
  U01.07.003 Fetal-postnatal derivatives
- 7.46
  U01.07.004 Fetal circulation
- 7.47
  U01.07.005 Anatomy of the heart
- 7.48
  U01.07.006 Cardiac output variables
- 7.49
  U01.07.007 Cardiac output equations
- 7.50
  U01.07.008 Starling curves
- 7.51
  U01.07.009 Resistance, pressure, flow
- 7.52
  U01.07.010 Cardiac and vascular function curves
- 7.53
  U01.07.011 Pressure-volume loops and cardiac cycle
- 7.54
  U01.07.012 Jugular venous pressure tracings
- 7.55
  U01.07.013 Pressure-volume loops and valvular disease
- 7.56
  U01.07.014 Splitting of S2
- 7.57
  U01.07.015 Auscultation of the heart
- 7.58
  U01.07.016 Heart murmurs
- 7.59
  U01.07.017 Myocardial action potential
- 7.60
  U01.07.018 Pacemaker
- 7.61
  U01.07.019 Electrocardiogram
- 7.62
  U01.07.020 Atrial natriuretic peptide
- 7.63
  U01.07.021 B-type (brain) natriuretic peptide
- 7.64
  U01.07.022 Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
- 7.65
  U01.07.023 Normal cardiac pressures
- 7.66
  U01.07.024 Auto-regulation
- 7.67
  U01.07.025 Capillary fluid exchange
U01.08 Endocrine system
Master essential concepts of the endocrine system for USMLE Step 1, covering hormone regulation, feedback mechanisms, and key disorders to boost your exam readiness.
56
- 8.1
  U01.08.01 Thyroid development
- 8.2
  U01.08.02 Pituitary Gland
- 8.3
  U01.08.03 Adrenal cortex and medulla
- 8.4
  U01.08.04 Endocrine pancreas cell types
- 8.5
  U01.08.05 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
- 8.6
  U01.08.06 Growth hormone
- 8.7
  U01.08.07 Antidiuretic hormone
- 8.8
  U01.08.008 Prolactin
- 8.9
  U01.08.009 Thyroid hormones
- 8.10
  U01.08.010 Parathyroid hormone
- 8.11
  U01.08.011 Calcium homeostasis
- 8.12
  U01.08.012 Calcitonin
- 8.13
  U01.08.013 Glucagon
- 8.14
  U01.08.014 Insulin
- 8.15
  U01.08.015 Adrenal steroids and congenital adrenal hyperplasias
- 8.16
  U01.08.016 Cortisol
- 8.17
  U01.08.017 Appetite regulation
- 8.18
  U01.08.018 Signaling pathways of endocrine hormones
- 8.19
  U01.08.019 Signaling pathways of steroid hormones
- 8.20
  U01.08.020 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
- 8.21
  U01.08.021 Primary polydipsia and diabetes insipidus
- 8.22
  U01.08.022 Hypopituitarism
- 8.23
  U01.08.023 Acromegaly
- 8.24
  U01.08.024 Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism
- 8.25
  U01.08.025 Hypothyroidism
- 8.26
  U01.08.026 Hyperthyroidism
- 8.27
  U01.08.027 Causes of goiter
- 8.28
  U01.08.028 Thyroid adenoma
- 8.29
  U01.08.029 Thyroid cancer
- 8.30
  U01.08.030 Diagnosing parathyroid disease
- 8.31
  U01.08.031 Hypoparathyroidism
- 8.32
  U01.08.032 Lab values in hypocalcemic disorders
- 8.33
  U01.08.033 Hyperparathyroidism
- 8.34
  U01.08.034 Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
- 8.35
  U01.08.035 Diabetes mellitus
- 8.36
  U01.08.036 Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes mellitus
- 8.37
  U01.08.037 Hyperglycemic emergencies
- 8.38
  U01.08.038 Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus
- 8.39
  U01.08.039 Cushing syndrome
- 8.40
  U01.08.040 Adrenal insufficiency
- 8.41
  U01.08.041 Hyperaldosteronism
- 8.42
  U01.08.042 Neuroendocrine tumors
- 8.43
  U01.08.043 Neuroblastoma
- 8.44
  U01.08.044 Pheochromocytoma
- 8.45
  U01.08.045 Multiple endocrine neoplasias
- 8.46
  U01.08.046 Pancreatic islet cell tumors
- 8.47
  U01.08.047 Carcinoid tumors
- 8.48
  U01.08.048 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
- 8.49
  U01.08.049 Diabetes mellitus therapy
- 8.50
  U01.08.050 Thionamides
- 8.51
  U01.08.051 Levothyroxine, liothyronine
- 8.52
  U01.08.052 Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs
- 8.53
  U01.08.053 Fludrocortisone
- 8.54
  U01.08.054 Cinacalcet
- 8.55
  U01.08.055 Sevelamer
- 8.56
  U01.08.056 Cation exchange resins
U01.09 Gastrointestinal system
Review key topics in the gastrointestinal system for the USMLE Step 1, covering essential concepts in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology to reinforce your understanding and test readiness.
80
- 9.1
  U01.10.001 Tongue development
- 9.2
  U01.10.002 Normal gastrointestinal embryology
- 9.3
  U01.10.003 Ventral wall defects
- 9.4
  U01.10.004 Congenital umbilical hernia
- 9.5
  U1.10.005 Tracheoesophageal anomalies
- 9.6
  U1.10.006 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
- 9.7
  U1.10.007 Intestinal atresia
- 9.8
  U1.10.008 Pancreas and spleen embryology
- 9.9
  U1.10.009 Retroperitoneal structures
- 9.10
  U1.10.010 Important gastrointestinal ligaments
- 9.11
  U1.10.011 Digestive tract anatomy
- 9.12
  U1.10.012 Digestive tract histology
- 9.13
  U1.10.013 Abdominal aorta and branches
- 9.14
  U1.10.014 Nutcracker syndrome
- 9.15
  U1.10.015 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
- 9.16
  U1.10.016 Gastrointestinal blood supply and innervation
- 9.17
  U1.10.017 Celiac trunk
- 9.18
  U1.10.018 Portosystemic anastomoses
- 9.19
  U1.10.019 Pectinate line
- 9.20
  U1.10.020 Liver tissue architecture
- 9.21
  U1.10.021 Biliary structures
- 9.22
  U1.10.022 Femoral region
- 9.23
  U1.10.023 Inguinal canal
- 9.24
  U1.10.024 Myopectineal orifice
- 9.25
  U1.10.025 Hernias
- 9.26
  U1.10.026 Gastrointestinal regulatory substances
- 9.27
  U1.10.027 Gastrointestinal secretory products
- 9.28
  U1.10.028 Locations of gastrointestinal secretory cells
- 9.29
  U1.10.029 Pancreatic secretions
- 9.30
  U1.10.030 Carbohydrate absorption
- 9.31
  U1.10.031 Vitamin and mineral absorption
- 9.32
  U1.10.032 Peyer patches
- 9.33
  U1.10.033 Bile
- 9.34
  U1.10.034 Bilirubin
- 9.35
  U1.10.035 Oral pathologies
- 9.36
  U1.10.036 Achalasia
- 9.37
  U1.10.037 Other esophageal pathologies
- 9.38
  U1.10.038 Barrett esophagus
- 9.39
  U1.10.039 Esophageal cancer
- 9.40
  U1.10.040 Gastritis
- 9.41
  U1.10.041 Ménétrier disease
- 9.42
  U1.10.042 Gastric cancer
- 9.43
  U1.10.043 Peptic ulcer disease
- 9.44
  U1.10.044 Ulcer complications
- 9.45
  U1.10.045 Acute gastrointestinal bleeding
- 9.46
  U1.10.046 Malabsorption syndromes
- 9.47
  U1.10.047 Inflammatory bowel diseases
- 9.48
  U1.10.048 Microscopic colitis
- 9.49
  U1.10.049 Irritable bowel syndrome
- 9.50
  U1.10.050 Diverticula of the GI tract
- 9.51
  U1.10.051 Zenker diverticulum
- 9.52
  U1.10.052 Meckel diverticulum
- 9.53
  U1.10.053 Hirschsprung disease
- 9.54
  U1.10.054 Malrotation
- 9.55
  U1.10.055 Intussusception
- 9.56
  U1.10.056 Volvulus
- 9.57
  U1.10.057 Short bowel syndrome
- 9.58
  U1.10.058 Other intestinal disorders
- 9.59
  U1.10.059 Colonic polyp
- 9.60
  U1.10.060 Polyposis syndromes
- 9.61
  U1.10.061 Lynch syndrome
- 9.62
  U1.10.062 Colorectal cancer
- 9.63
  U1.10.063 Molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer
- 9.64
  U1.10.064 Cirrhosis and portal hypertension
- 9.65
  U1.10.065 Budd-Chiari syndrome
- 9.66
  U1.10.066 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- 9.67
  U1.10.067 Serum markers of liver pathology
- 9.68
  U1.10.068 Reye syndrome
- 9.69
  U1.10.069 Alcoholic liver disease
- 9.70
  U1.10.070 Steatotic liver disease
- 9.71
  U1.10.071 Autoimmune hepatitis
- 9.72
  U1.10.072 Hepatic encephalopathy
- 9.73
  U1.10.073 Liver tumors
- 9.74
  U1.10.074 ɑ1-antitrypsin deficiency
- 9.75
  U1.10.075 Jaundice
- 9.76
  U1.10.076 Benign neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
- 9.77
  U1.10.077 Biliary atresia
- 9.78
  U1.10.078 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
- 9.79
  U1.10.079 Wilson disease
- 9.80
  U1.10.080 Hemochromatosis
U01.10 Hematology and Oncology
This review covers essential Hematology and Oncology topics for the USMLE Step 1, including hematopoiesis, coagulation, anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, and neoplastic syndromes.
149
- 10.1
  Macrophages
- 10.2
  Eosinophils
- 10.3
  Basophils
- 10.4
  Mast cells
- 10.5
  Dendritic cells
- 10.6
  Lymphocytes
- 10.7
  Natural killer cells
- 10.8
  B cells
- 10.9
  T cells
- 10.10
  Plasma cells
- 10.11
  Hemoglobin electrophoresis
- 10.12
  Platelet plug formation (Primary hemostasis)
- 10.13
  Thrombogenesis
- 10.14
  Coagulation and kinin pathways
- 10.15
  Vitamin K–dependent coagulation
- 10.16
  RBC morphology pathologies
- 10.17
  RBC inclusions
- 10.18
  Anemias
- 10.19
  Reticulocyte index
- 10.20
  Microcytic, hypochromic anemias
- 10.21
  Iron deficiency
- 10.22
  α-thalassemia
- 10.23
  β-thalassemia
- 10.24
  Lead poisoning
- 10.25
  Sideroblastic anemia
- 10.26
  Interpretation of iron studies
- 10.27
  Macrocytic anemias
- 10.28
  Megaloblastic anemia
- 10.29
  Folate deficiency
- 10.30
  Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
- 10.31
  Orotic aciduria
- 10.32
  Nonmegaloblastic anemia
- 10.33
  Normocytic, normochromic anemias
- 10.34
  Nonhemolytic, normocytic anemias
- 10.35
  Anemia of chronic disease
- 10.36
  Aplastic anemia
- 10.37
  Hereditary spherocytosis
- 10.38
  G6PD deficiency
- 10.39
  Pyruvate kinase deficiency
- 10.40
  Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- 10.41
  Sickle cell anemia
- 10.42
  HbC disease
- 10.43
  Extrinsic hemolytic anemias
- 10.44
  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- 10.45
  Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- 10.46
  Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- 10.47
  Hemolytic anemia due to infection
- 10.48
  Leukopenias
- 10.49
  Neutrophil left shift
- 10.50
  Heme synthesis, porphyrias, and lead poisoning
- 10.51
  Lead poisoning
- 10.52
  Acute intermittent porphyria
- 10.53
  Porphyria cutanea tarda
- 10.54
  Iron poisoning
- 10.55
  Coagulation disorders
- 10.56
  Platelet disorders
- 10.57
  Bernard-Soulier syndrome
- 10.58
  Glanzmann thrombasthenia
- 10.59
  Immune thrombocytopenia
- 10.60
  Thrombotic microangiopathies
- 10.61
  Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders
- 10.62
  Hereditary thrombosis syndromes
- 10.63
  Antithrombin deficiency
- 10.64
  Factor V Leiden
- 10.65
  Protein C or S deficiency
- 10.66
  Prothrombin gene mutation
- 10.67
  Blood transfusion therapy
- 10.68
  Leukemia vs lymphoma
- 10.69
  Hodgkin vs non‑Hodgkin lymphoma
- 10.70
  Hodgkin lymphoma
- 10.71
  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- 10.72
  Burkitt lymphoma
- 10.73
  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- 10.74
  Follicular lymphoma
- 10.75
  Follicular lymphoma
- 10.76
  Mantle cell lymphoma
- 10.77
  Marginal zone lymphoma
- 10.78
  Primary central nervous system lymphoma
- 10.79
  Adult T-cell lymphoma
- 10.80
  Mycosis fungoides/ Sézary syndrome
- 10.81
  Plasma cell dyscrasias
- 10.82
  Multiple myeloma
- 10.83
  Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- 10.84
  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
- 10.85
  Myelodysplastic syndromes
- 10.86
  Leukemias
- 10.87
  Lymphoid neoplasms Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
- 10.88
  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
- 10.89
  Hairy cell leukemia
- 10.90
  Acute myelogenous leukemia
- 10.91
  Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- 10.92
  Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
- 10.93
  Polycythemia vera
- 10.94
  Essential thrombocythemia
- 10.95
  Myelofibrosis
- 10.96
  Polycythemia
- 10.97
  Chromosomal translocations
- 10.98
  Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- 10.99
  Tumor lysis syndrome
- 10.100
  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- 10.101
  Direct thrombin inhibitors
- 10.102
  Heparin
- 10.103
  Warfarin
- 10.104
  Heparin vs warfarin
- 10.105
  Direct factor Xa inhibitor
- 10.106
  Thrombolytics
- 10.107
  ADP receptor inhibitors
- 10.108
  Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
- 10.109
  Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
- 10.110
  Cancer therapy—targets
- 10.111
  Antitumor antibiotics
- 10.112
  Antimetabolites
- 10.113
  Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine
- 10.114
  Cladribine
- 10.115
  Cytarabine (arabinofuranosyl cytidine
- 10.116
  5-fluorouracil
- 10.117
  Methotrexate
- 10.118
  Alkylating agents
- 10.119
  Busulfan
- 10.120
  Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
- 10.121
  Nitrosoureas (eg, carmustine, lomustine)
- 10.122
  Procarbazine
- 10.123
  Microtubule inhibitors
- 10.124
  Paclitaxel, other taxanes
- 10.125
  Vincristine, vinblastine
- 10.126
  Cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin
- 10.127
  Etoposide, teniposide
- 10.128
  Irinotecan, topotecan
- 10.129
  Hydroxyurea
- 10.130
  Bevacizumab
- 10.131
  Erlotinib
- 10.132
  Cetuximab, panitumumab
- 10.133
  Imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib
- 10.134
  Rituximab
- 10.135
  Bortezomib, carfilzomib
- 10.136
  Tamoxifen, raloxifene
- 10.137
  Trastuzumab
- 10.138
  Dabrafenib, vemurafenib
- 10.139
  Rasburicase
- 10.140
  Key chemotoxicities
- 10.141
  U01.10.001 Fetal Erythropoiesis
- 10.142
  U01.10.002 Blood groups
- 10.143
  U01.10.003 Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
- 10.144
  U01.10.004 Hematopoiesis
- 10.145
  U01.10.005 Neutrophils
- 10.146
  U01.10.006 Erythrocytes
- 10.147
  U01.10.007 Thrombocytes (platelets)
- 10.148
  U01.10.008 Monocytes
- 10.149
  U01.10.009 Macrophages
U01.11 Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue
Review essential topics for the USMLE Step 1 Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue systems, covering anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology fundamentals critical for exam success.
178
- 11.1
  Rotator cuff muscles
- 11.2
  Arm abduction
- 11.3
  Upper extremity nerves
- 11.4
  Axillary (C5-C6)
- 11.5
  Musculocutaneous (C5-C7)
- 11.6
  Radial (C5-T1)
- 11.7
  Median (C5-T1)
- 11.8
  Ulnar (C8-T1)
- 11.9
  Recurrent branch of median nerve (C5-T1)
- 11.10
  Brachial plexus lesions
- 11.11
  Erb palsy (“waiter’s tip”)
- 11.12
  Klumpke palsy
- 11.13
  Thoracic outlet syndrome
- 11.14
  Winged scapula
- 11.15
  Wrist region
- 11.16
  Hand muscle
- 11.17
  Distortions of the hand
- 11.18
  Actions of hip muscles
- 11.19
  Lower extremity nerves
- 11.20
  Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
- 11.21
  Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
- 11.22
  Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-L3)
- 11.23
  Obturator (L2-L4)
- 11.24
  Femoral (L2-L4)
- 11.25
  Sciatic (L4-S3)
- 11.26
  Common (fibular) peroneal (L4-S2)
- 11.27
  Tibial (L4-S3)
- 11.28
  Inferior gluteal (L5-S2)
- 11.29
  Superior gluteal (L4‑S1)
- 11.30
  Pudendal (S2-S4)
- 11.31
  Knee exam
- 11.32
  Anterior drawer sign
- 11.33
  Posterior drawer sign
- 11.34
  Abnormal passive abduction
- 11.35
  Abnormal passive adduction
- 11.36
  McMurray test
- 11.37
  Ankle sprains
- 11.38
  Signs of lumbosacral radiculopathy
- 11.39
  Neurovascular pairing
- 11.40
  Motoneuron action potential to muscle contraction
- 11.41
  Types of muscle fibers
- 11.42
  Vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
- 11.43
  Muscle proprioceptors
- 11.44
  Bone formation
- 11.45
  Cell biology of bone
- 11.46
  Overuse injuries of the elbow
- 11.47
  Wrist and hand injuries
- 11.48
  Metacarpal neck fracture
- 11.49
  Carpal tunnel syndrome
- 11.50
  Guyon canal syndrome
- 11.51
  Clavicle fractures
- 11.52
  “Unhappy triad”
- 11.53
  Prepatellar bursitis
- 11.54
  Baker cyst
- 11.55
  De Quervain tenosynovitis
- 11.56
  Ganglion cyst
- 11.57
  Iliotibial band syndrome
- 11.58
  Limb compartment syndrome
- 11.59
  Medial tibial stress
- 11.60
  Plantar fasciitis
- 11.61
  Developmental dysplasia of the hip
- 11.62
  Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
- 11.63
  Osgood-Schlatter disease
- 11.64
  Patellofemoral syndrome
- 11.65
  Radial head subluxation
- 11.66
  Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
- 11.67
  Greenstick fracture
- 11.68
  Achondroplasia
- 11.69
  Torus (buckle) fracture
- 11.70
  Osteoporosis
- 11.71
  Osteomalacia/rickets
- 11.72
  Osteitis deformans
- 11.73
  Avascular necrosis of bone
- 11.74
  Lab values in bone disorders
- 11.75
  Primary bone tumors
- 11.76
  Osteochondroma
- 11.77
  Osteoblastoma
- 11.78
  Osteoma
- 11.79
  Osteoid osteoma
- 11.80
  Giant cell tumor
- 11.81
  Chondroma
- 11.82
  Chondrosarcoma
- 11.83
  Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
- 11.84
  Ewing sarcoma
- 11.85
  Osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis
- 11.86
  Gout
- 11.87
  Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease
- 11.88
  Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- 11.89
  Sjögren syndrome
- 11.90
  Septic arthritis
- 11.91
  Seronegative spondyloarthritis
- 11.92
  Psoriatic arthritis
- 11.93
  Ankylosing spondylitis
- 11.94
  Inflammatory bowel disease
- 11.95
  Reactive arthritis
- 11.96
  Systemic lupus erythematosus
- 11.97
  Mixed connective tissue disease
- 11.98
  Antiphospholipid syndrome
- 11.99
  Polymyalgia rheumatica
- 11.100
  Fibromyalgia
- 11.101
  Polymyositis
- 11.102
  Dermatomyositis
- 11.103
  Myasthenia gravis
- 11.104
  Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
- 11.105
  Raynaud phenomenon
- 11.106
  Scleroderma
- 11.107
  Skin layers
- 11.108
  Epithelial cell junctions
- 11.109
  Dermatologic macroscopic terms
- 11.110
  Dermatologic microscopic terms
- 11.111
  Albinism
- 11.112
  Melasma (chloasma)
- 11.113
  Vitiligo
- 11.114
  Seborrheic dermatitis
- 11.115
  Acne
- 11.116
  Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
- 11.117
  Allergic contact dermatitis
- 11.118
  Melanocytic nevus
- 11.119
  Pseudofolliculitis barbae
- 11.120
  Psoriasis
- 11.121
  Rosacea
- 11.122
  Seborrheic keratosis
- 11.123
  Verrucae
- 11.124
  Urticaria
- 11.125
  Angiosarcoma
- 11.126
  Bacillary angiomatosis
- 11.127
  Cherry hemangioma
- 11.128
  Glomus tumor
- 11.129
  Kaposi sarcoma
- 11.130
  Pyogenic granuloma
- 11.131
  Strawberry hemangioma
- 11.132
  Impetigo
- 11.133
  Erysipelas
- 11.134
  Cellulitis
- 11.135
  Abscess
- 11.136
  Necrotizing fasciitis
- 11.137
  Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
- 11.138
  Herpes
- 11.139
  Molluscum contagiosum
- 11.140
  Varicella zoster virus
- 11.141
  Hairy leukoplakia
- 11.142
  Pemphigus vulgaris
- 11.143
  Bullous pemphigoid
- 11.144
  Dermatitis herpetiformis
- 11.145
  Erythema multiforme
- 11.146
  Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- 11.147
  Acanthosis nigricans
- 11.148
  Actinic keratosis
- 11.149
  Erythema nodosum
- 11.150
  Lichen Planus
- 11.151
  Pityriasis rosea
- 11.152
  Sunburn
- 11.153
  Rule of 9’s
- 11.154
  Burn classification
- 11.155
  Skin cancer
- 11.156
  Basal cell carcinoma
- 11.157
  Keratoacanthoma
- 11.158
  Melanoma
- 11.159
  Squamous cell carcinoma
- 11.160
  Arachidonic acid pathways
- 11.161
  Acetaminophen
- 11.162
  Aspirin
- 11.163
  Celecoxib
- 11.164
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- 11.165
  Leflunomide
- 11.166
  Bisphosphonates
- 11.167
  Teriparatide
- 11.168
  Gout drugs
- 11.169
  Probenecid
- 11.170
  Allopurinol
- 11.171
  Pegloticase
- 11.172
  Febuxostat
- 11.173
  NSAIDs
- 11.174
  Glucocorticoids
- 11.175
  Colchicine
- 11.176
  TNF-α inhibitors
- 11.177
  Etanercept
- 11.178
  Infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab
U01.12 Neurology and Special Senses
Master the foundational concepts of Neurology and Special Senses with our USMLE Step 1 review, covering essential topics like neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and sensory pathways.
140
- 12.1
  U01.12.001 Neural development
  20 Minutes
- 12.2
  U01.12.002 Regional specification of developing brain
- 12.3
  U01.12.003 Central and peripheral nervous systems origins
- 12.4
  U01.12.004 Neural tube defects
- 12.5
  U01.12.005 Brain malformations
- 12.6
  U01.12.006 Posterior fossa malformations
- 12.7
  U01.12.007 Syringomyelia
- 12.8
  U01.12.008 Cells of the nervous system
- 12.9
  U01.12.009 Neuron action potential
- 12.10
  U01.12.010 Astrocytes
- 12.11
  U01.12.011 Sensory receptors
- 12.12
  U01.12.012 Peripheral nerve
- 12.13
  U01.12.013 Neuronal response to axonal injury
- 12.14
  U01.12.014 Neurotransmitter changes with disease
  20 Minutes
- 12.15
  U01.12.015 Meninges
- 12.16
  U01.12.016 Blood-brain barrier
- 12.17
  U01.12.017 Vomiting center
- 12.18
  U01.12.018 Sleep physiology
- 12.19
  U01.12.019 REM sleep behavior disorder
- 12.20
  U01.12.020 Factors affecting sleep architecture
- 12.21
  U01.12.021 Hypothalamus
  15 Minutes
- 12.22
  U01.12.022 Thalamus
- 12.23
  U01.12.023 Limbic system
- 12.24
  U01.12.024 Dopaminergic pathways
- 12.25
  U01.12.025 Cerebellum
- 12.26
  U01.12.026 Basal ganglia
- 12.27
  U01.12.027 Cerebral cortex regions
- 12.28
  U01.12.028 Cerebral perfusion
- 12.29
  U01.12.029 Homunculus
- 12.30
  U01.12.030 Cerebral arteries—cortical distribution
- 12.31
  U01.12.031 Circle of Willis
- 12.32
  U01.12.032 Dural venous sinuses
- 12.33
  U01.12.033 Ventricular system
- 12.34
  U01.12.034 Brain stem—ventral view
- 12.35
  U01.12.035 Brain stem—dorsal view
- 12.36
  U01.12.036 Brainstem cross sections
- 12.37
  U01.12.037 Cranial nerve nuclei
- 12.38
  U01.12.038 Vagal nuclei
- 12.39
  U01.12.039 Cranial nerve and vessel pathways
- 12.40
  U01.12.040 Cranial nerves
- 12.41
  U01.12.041 Cranial nerve reflexes
- 12.42
  U01.12.042 Mastication muscles
- 12.43
  U01.12.043 Spinal nerves
- 12.44
  U01.12.044 Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome
- 12.45
  U01.12.045 Spinal cord—lower extent
- 12.46
  U01.12.046 Spinal cord and associated tracts
- 12.47
  U01.12.047 Spinal tract anatomy and functions
- 12.48
  U01.12.048 Clinical reflexes
- 12.49
  U01.12.049 Primitive reflexes
- 12.50
  U01.12.050 Landmark dermatomes
- 12.51
  U01.12.051 Common brain lesions
  20 Minutes
- 12.52
  U01.12.052 Abnormal motor posturing
- 12.53
  U01.12.053 Ischemic brain disease/stroke
- 12.54
  U01.12.054 Cerebral edema
- 12.55
  U01.12.055 Effects of strokes
  20 Minutes
- 12.56
  U01.12.056 Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage
- 12.57
  U01.12.057 Extracranial injuries
- 12.58
  U01.12.058 Intracranial hemorrhage
- 12.59
  U01.12.059 Thalamic pain syndrome
- 12.60
  U01.12.060 Phantom limb pain
- 12.61
  U01.12.061 Diffuse axonal injury
- 12.62
  U01.12.062 Aphasia
- 12.63
  U01.12.063 Aneurysms
- 12.64
  U01.12.064 Fever vs heat stroke
- 12.65
  U01.12.065 Seizures
- 12.66
  U01.12.066 Headaches
- 12.67
  U01.12.067 Trigeminal neuralgia
- 12.68
  U01.12.068 Dyskinesias
- 12.69
  U01.12.069 Restless legs syndrome
  20 Minutes
- 12.70
  U01.12.070 Neurodegenerative disorders
- 12.71
  U01.12.071 Dementia
- 12.72
  U01.12.072 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
- 12.73
  U01.12.073 Hydrocephalus
- 12.74
  U01.12.074 Multiple sclerosis
- 12.75
  U01.12.075 Other demyelinating and dysmyelinating disorders
  20 Minutes
- 12.76
  U01.12.076 Neurocutaneous disorders
  15 Minutes
- 12.77
  U01.12.077 Adult primary brain tumors
  25 Minutes
- 12.78
  U01.12.078 Childhood primary brain tumors
  20 Minutes
- 12.79
  U01.12.079 Herniation syndromes
- 12.80
  U01.12.080 Motor neuron signs
- 12.81
  U01.12.081 Spinal lesions
- 12.82
  U01.12.082 Poliomyelitis
- 12.83
  U01.12.083 Brown-Séquard syndrome
- 12.84
  U01.12.084 Friedreich ataxia
- 12.85
  U01.12.085 Cerebral palsy
- 12.86
  U01.12.086 Common cranial nerve lesions
- 12.87
  U01.12.087 Facial nerve lesions
- 12.88
  U01.12.088 Auditory anatomy and physiology
- 12.89
  U01.12.089 Otitis externa
- 12.90
  U01.12.090 Otitis media
- 12.91
  U01.12.091 Common causes of hearing loss
- 12.92
  U01.12.092 Diagnosing hearing loss
- 12.93
  U01.12.093 Cholesteatoma
- 12.94
  U01.12.094 Vertigo
- 12.95
  U01.12.095 Normal eye anatomy
- 12.96
  U01.12.096 Conjunctivitis
- 12.97
  U01.12.097 Refractive errors
- 12.98
  U01.12.098 Lens disorders
- 12.99
  U01.12.099 Aqueous humor pathway
- 12.100
  U01.12.100 Glaucoma
- 12.101
  U01.12.101 Age-related macular degeneration
- 12.102
  U01.12.102 Retinal disorders
- 12.103
  U01.12.102 Papilledema
- 12.104
  U01.12.104 Leukocoria
- 12.105
  U01.12.105 Uveitis
- 12.106
  U01.12.106 Pupillary control
- 12.107
  U01.12.107 Relative afferent pupillary defect
- 12.108
  U01.12.108 Horner syndrome
- 12.109
  U01.12.109 Ocular motility
- 12.110
  U01.12.110 Strabismus
- 12.111
  U01.12.111 III, IV, VI palsies
- 12.112
  U01.12.112 Visual field defects
- 12.113
  U01.12.113 Cavernous sinus
- 12.114
  U01.12.114 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- 12.115
  U01.12.115 Eyelid disorders
- 12.116
  U01.12.116 Epilepsy therapy
- 12.117
  U01.12.117 Barbiturates
- 12.118
  U01.12.118 Benzodiazepines
- 12.119
  U01.12.119 Insomnia therapy
- 12.120
  U01.12.120 Triptans Sumatriptan
- 12.121
  U01.12.121 Parkinson disease therapy
- 12.122
  U01.12.122 Carbidopa/levodopa
- 12.123
  U01.12.123 Neurodegenerative disease therapy
- 12.124
  U01.12.124 Local anesthetics
- 12.125
  U01.12.125 Anesthetics—general principles
- 12.126
  U01.12.126 Neuromuscular blocking drugs
- 12.127
  U01.12.127 Malignant hyperthermia
- 12.128
  U01.12.128 Skeletal muscle relaxants
- 12.129
  U01.12.129 Opioid analgesics
- 12.130
  U01.12.130 Tramadol
- 12.131
  U01.12.131 Butorphanol, nalbuphine
- 12.132
  U01.12.132 Capsaicin
- 12.133
  U01.12.133 Glaucoma therapy
- 12.134
  U01.12.001 Neural development
- 12.135
  U01.12.002 Regional specification of developing brain
- 12.136
  U01.12.003 Central and peripheral nervous systems origins
- 12.137
  U01.12.004 Neural tube defects
- 12.138
  U01.12.005 Brain malformations
- 12.139
  U01.12.006 Posterior fossa malformations
- 12.140
  U01.12.007 Syringomyelia
U01.13 Psychiatry
Psychiatry for the USMLE Step 1 focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders, with an emphasis on key concepts like neurotransmitter imbalances, mental health disorders, and pharmacology.
79
- 13.1
  Major depressive disorder
- 13.2
  Depression with atypical features
- 13.3
  Peripartum mood disturbances
- 13.4
  Electroconvulsive therapy
- 13.5
  Risk factors for suicide completion
- 13.6
  Anxiety disorders
- 13.7
  Panic disorder
- 13.8
  Phobias
- 13.9
  Generalized anxiety disorder
- 13.10
  Obsessive-compulsive disorders
- 13.11
  Trichotillomania
- 13.12
  Trauma and stress-related disorders
- 13.13
  Adjustment disorder
- 13.14
  Post-traumatic stress disorder
- 13.15
  Diagnostic criteria by symptom duration
  20 Minutes
- 13.16
  Personality
- 13.17
  Malingering
- 13.18
  Factitious disorders
- 13.19
  Somatic symptom and related disorders
- 13.20
  Eating disorders
- 13.21
  Gender dysphoria
- 13.22
  Sexual dysfunction
- 13.23
  Sleep terror disorder
- 13.24
  Narcolepsy
- 13.25
  Enuresis
- 13.26
  Substance use disorder
- 13.27
  Stages of change in overcoming addiction
- 13.28
  Psychiatric emergencies
- 13.29
  Serotonin syndrome
- 13.30
  Hypertensive crisis
- 13.31
  Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- 13.32
  Delirium tremens
- 13.33
  Acute dystonia
- 13.34
  Lithium toxicity
- 13.35
  Tricyclic antidepressant toxicity
- 13.36
  Psychoactive drug intoxication and withdrawal
- 13.37
  Depressants
- 13.38
  Stimulants
- 13.39
  Hallucinogens
- 13.40
  Alcohol use disorder
- 13.41
  Psychotherapy
- 13.42
  Preferred medications for selected psychiatric condition
  20 Minutes
- 13.43
  Central nervous system stimulants
- 13.44
  Typical antipsychotics
- 13.45
  Atypical antipsychotics
- 13.46
  Lithium
- 13.47
  Buspirone
- 13.48
  Antidepressants
- 13.49
  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- 13.50
  Serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
- 13.51
  Tricyclic antidepressants
- 13.52
  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- 13.53
  Atypical antidepressants
- 13.54
  Opioid detoxification and relapse prevention
- 13.55
  U01.13.001 Classical conditioning
- 13.56
  U01.13.002 Operant conditioning
- 13.57
  U01.13.003 Transference and countertransference
- 13.58
  U01.13.004 Ego defenses
- 13.59
  U01.13.005 Grief
- 13.60
  U01.13.006 Normal infant and child development
- 13.61
  U01.13.007 Child abuse
- 13.62
  U01.13.008 Vulnerable child syndrome
- 13.63
  U01.13.009 Childhood and early-onset disorders
- 13.64
  U01.13.010 Orientation
- 13.65
  U01.13.011 Amnesias
- 13.66
  U01.13.012 Dissociative disorders
- 13.67
  U01.13.013 Delirium
- 13.68
  U01.13.014 Psycosis
- 13.69
  U01.13.015 Mood disorders
- 13.70
  U01.13.016 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- 13.71
  U01.13.016 Manic episode
- 13.72
  U01.13.018 Hypomanic episode
- 13.73
  U01.13.019 Bipolar disorder
- 13.74
  U01.13.020 Major depressive disorder
- 13.75
  U01.13.021
- 13.76
  U01.13.022
- 13.77
  U01.13.023
- 13.78
  U01.13.024
- 13.79
  U01.13.025
U01.14 Renal System
The Renal System review for USMLE Step 1 covers key concepts including renal physiology, nephron function, acid-base balance, electrolyte regulation, and renal pathology, crucial for understanding both normal and abnormal kidney functions.
83
- 14.1
  U01.14.001 Kidney embryology
- 14.2
  Potter sequence (syndrome)
- 14.3
  Horseshoe kidney
- 14.4
  Congenital solitary functioning kidney
- 14.5
  Duplex collecting system
- 14.6
  Posterior urethral valves
- 14.7
  Kidney anatomy and glomerular structure
- 14.8
  Course of ureters
- 14.9
  Fluid compartments
- 14.10
  Glomerular filtration barrier
- 14.11
  Renal clearance
- 14.12
  Glomerular filtration rate
- 14.13
  Effective renal plasma flow
- 14.14
  Filtration
- 14.15
  Changes in glomerular dynamics
- 14.16
  Calculation of reabsorption and secretion rate
- 14.17
  Glucose clearance
- 14.18
  Nephron transport physiology
- 14.19
  Renal tubular defects
- 14.20
  Fanconi syndrome
- 14.21
  Bartter syndrome
- 14.22
  Gitelman syndrome
- 14.23
  Liddle syndrome
- 14.24
  Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
- 14.25
  Relative concentrations along proximal convoluted tubules
- 14.26
  Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- 14.27
  Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- 14.28
  Kidney endocrine functions
- 14.29
  Hormones acting on kidney
- 14.30
  Potassium shifts
- 14.31
  Electrolyte disturbance
- 14.32
  Features of renal disorder
  20 Minutes
- 14.33
  Acid-base physiology
- 14.34
  Acidosis and alkalosis
- 14.35
  Renal tubular acidosis
- 14.36
  Casts in urine
- 14.37
  Nomenclature of glomerular disorders
- 14.38
  Glomerular diseases
- 14.39
  Nephritic syndrome
- 14.40
  Nephrotic syndrome
- 14.41
  Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome
- 14.42
  Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- 14.43
  Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
- 14.44
  Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
- 14.45
  IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
- 14.46
  Alport syndrome
- 14.47
  Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- 14.48
  Minimal change disease
- 14.49
  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- 14.50
  Membranous nephropathy
- 14.51
  Amyloidosis
- 14.52
  Diabetic glomerulonephropathy
- 14.53
  Kidney stones
  20 Minutes
- 14.54
  Hydronephrosis
- 14.55
  Urinary incontinence
- 14.56
  Acute cystitis
- 14.57
  Pyelonephritis
- 14.58
  Acute kidney injury
- 14.59
  Acute interstitial nephritis
- 14.60
  Acute tubular necrosis
- 14.61
  Diffuse cortical necrosis
- 14.62
  Renal papillary necrosis
- 14.63
  Consequences of renal failure
- 14.64
  Renal osteodystrophy
- 14.65
  Renal cyst disorders
  20 Minutes
- 14.66
  Renovascular disease
- 14.67
  Renal cell carcinoma
- 14.68
  Renal oncocytoma
- 14.69
  Nephroblastoma
- 14.70
  Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
- 14.71
  Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
- 14.72
  Diuretics site of action
- 14.73
  Mannitol
- 14.74
  Acetazolamide
- 14.75
  Loop diuretics
- 14.76
  Thiazide diuretics
- 14.77
  Potassium-sparing diuretics
- 14.78
  Diuretics: electrolyte changes
- 14.79
  Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors
- 14.80
  Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- 14.81
  Aliskiren
- 14.82
  U01.14.001 Kidney embryology
- 14.83
  U01.14.002 Potter sequence (syndrome)
U01.15 Reproductive System
The USMLE Step 1 Reproductive System review covers key concepts in human reproduction, including anatomy, physiology, endocrinology, and common pathologies affecting both male and female reproductive health.
124
- 15.1
  Important genes of embryogenesis
  25 Minutes
- 15.2
  Early fetal development
  30 Minutes
- 15.3
  Embryologic derivatives
  40 Minutes
- 15.4
  Types of errors in morphogenesis
  20 Minutes
- 15.5
  Teratogens
- 15.6
  Fetal alcohol syndrome
  10 Minutes
- 15.7
  Neonatal abstinence syndrome
  15 Minutes
- 15.8
  Twinning
- 15.9
  Placenta
  15 Minutes
- 15.10
  Umbilical cord
- 15.11
  Urachus
  15 Minutes
- 15.12
  Vitelline duct
  15 Minutes
- 15.13
  Aortic arch derivatives
  25 Minutes
- 15.14
  Pharyngeal apparatus
  15 Minutes
- 15.15
  Pharyngeal cleft derivatives
  15 Minutes
- 15.16
  Pharyngeal arch derivatives
  25 Minutes
- 15.17
  Pharyngeal pouch derivatives
  20 Minutes
- 15.18
  Cleft lip and cleft palate
  15 Minutes
- 15.19
  Genital embryology
  20 Minutes
- 15.20
  Sexual differentiation
  20 Minutes
- 15.21
  Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies
- 15.22
  Male/female genital homologs
- 15.23
  Congenital penile abnormalities
- 15.24
  Descent of testes and ovaries
- 15.25
  Gonadal drainage
- 15.26
  Female reproductive anatomy
- 15.27
  Adnexal torsion
- 15.28
  Female reproductive epithelial histology
- 15.29
  Male reproductive anatomy
- 15.30
  Urethral injury
- 15.31
  Autonomic innervation of male sexual response
- 15.32
  Seminiferous tubules
- 15.33
  Spermatogenesis
- 15.34
  Estrogen
- 15.35
  Progesterone
- 15.36
  Oogenesis
- 15.37
  Ovulation
- 15.38
  Menstrual cycle
- 15.39
  Abnormal uterine bleeding
- 15.40
  Pregnancy
- 15.41
  Human chorionic gonadotropin
- 15.42
  Human placental lactogen
- 15.43
  Apgar score
- 15.44
  Infant and child development
- 15.45
  Low birth weight
- 15.46
  Lactation
- 15.47
  Menopause
- 15.48
  Androgens
- 15.49
  Tanner stages of sexual development
- 15.50
  Tanner stages of sexual development
- 15.51
  Precocious puberty
- 15.52
  Sex chromosome disorder
- 15.53
  Diagnosing disorders of sex hormones
- 15.54
  Other disorders of sex development
- 15.55
  Placental aromatase deficiency
- 15.56
  Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- 15.57
  5α-reductase deficiency
- 15.58
  Kallmann syndrome
- 15.59
  Abruptio placentae
- 15.60
  Morbidly adherent placenta
- 15.61
  Placenta previa
- 15.62
  Vasa previa
- 15.63
  Postpartum hemorrhage
- 15.64
  Ectopic pregnancy
- 15.65
  Amniotic fluid abnormalities
- 15.66
  Hydatidiform mole
- 15.67
  Choriocarcinoma
- 15.68
  Hypertension in pregnancy
  20 Minutes
- 15.69
  Gynecologic tumor epidemiology
- 15.70
  Bartholin cyst and abscess
- 15.71
  Lichen sclerosus
- 15.72
  Lichen simplex chronicus
- 15.73
  Vulvar carcinoma
- 15.74
  Extramammary Paget disease
- 15.75
  Imperforate hymen
- 15.76
  Vaginal tumors
- 15.77
  Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ
- 15.78
  Primary ovarian insufficiency
- 15.79
  Most common causes of anovulation
- 15.80
  Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
- 15.81
  Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- 15.82
  Primary dysmenorrhea
- 15.83
  Ovarian cysts
- 15.84
  Ovarian neoplasms
- 15.85
  Epithelial tumors
- 15.86
  Germ cell tumors
- 15.87
  Sex cord stromal tumors
- 15.88
  Non-neoplastic uterine conditions
- 15.89
  Adenomyosis
- 15.90
  Asherman syndrome
- 15.91
  Endometrial hyperplasia
- 15.92
  Endometriosis
- 15.93
  Endometritis
- 15.94
  Endometrial carcinoma
- 15.95
  Leiomyoma (fibroid)
- 15.96
  Leiomyosarcoma
- 15.97
  Benign breast diseases
- 15.98
  Breast cancer
  20 Minutes
- 15.99
  Penile pathology
  25 Minutes
- 15.100
  Extragonadal germ cell tumors
- 15.101
  Scrotal masses
- 15.102
  Testicular tumors
  35 Minutes
- 15.103
  Hormone levels in germ cell tumors
- 15.104
  Epididymitis and orchitis
- 15.105
  Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- 15.106
  Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- 15.107
  Prostatic adenocarcinoma
- 15.108
  Control of reproductive hormones
- 15.109
  Goserelin, leuprolide
- 15.110
  Degarelix
- 15.111
  Estrogens
- 15.112
  Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- 15.113
  Aromatase inhibitors
- 15.114
  Hormone replacement therapy
- 15.115
  Progestins
- 15.116
  Antiprogestins
- 15.117
  Combined contraception
- 15.118
  Copper intrauterine device
- 15.119
  Tocolytics
- 15.120
  Danazol
- 15.121
  Testosterone, methyltestosterone
- 15.122
  Antiandrogens
- 15.123
  Tamsulosin
- 15.124
  Minoxidil
U01.16 Respiratory System
The Respiratory System review for the USMLE Step 1 covers key concepts in anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology essential for understanding respiratory diseases and treatments.
61
- 16.1
  U01.16.001 Lung development
  25 Minutes
- 16.2
  U01.16.002 Congenital Lung Malformations
  20 Minutes
- 16.3
  U01.16.003 Respiratory Cell Types and Their Functions
  30 Minutes
- 16.4
  U01.16.004 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
  35 Minutes
- 16.5
  U01.16.005 Respiratory tree
  15 Minutes
- 16.6
  U01.16.006 Lung Anatomy
  20 Minutes
- 16.7
  U01.16.007 Diaphragm structures
  20 Minutes
- 16.8
  U01.16.008 Lung volumes
  35 Minutes
- 16.9
  U01.16.009 Minute Ventilation
  15 Minutes
- 16.10
  U01.16.010 Chest Wall Mechanics
  30 Minutes
- 16.11
  U01.16.011 Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
  25 Minutes
- 16.12
  U01.16.012 Oxygen Content of Blood
  20 Minutes
- 16.13
  U01.16.013 Methemoglobin
  25 Minutes
- 16.14
  U01.16.014 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
  20 Minutes
- 16.15
  U01.16.015 Cyanide vs. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
  30 Minutes
- 16.16
  U01.16.016 Pulmonary Circulation
  20 Minutes
- 16.17
  U01.16.017 Pulmonary vascular resistance
  15 Minutes
- 16.18
  U01.16.018 Alveolar Gas Equation
  30 Minutes
- 16.19
  U01.16.019 Oxygen deprivation
  25 Minutes
- 16.20
  U01.16.020 Ventilation/perfusion mismatch
  20 Minutes
- 16.21
  U01.16.021 Carbon dioxide transport
  25 Minutes
- 16.22
  U01.16.022 Response to High Altitude
  20 Minutes
- 16.23
  U01.16.023 Response to Exercise
  20 Minutes
- 16.24
  U01.16.024 Rhinosinusitis
  20 Minutes
- 16.25
  U01.16.025 Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
  20 Minutes
- 16.26
  U01.16.026 Head and Neck Cancer
  20 Minutes
- 16.27
  U01.16.027 Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
  25 Minutes
- 16.28
  U01.16.028 Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
  25 Minutes
- 16.29
  U01.16.029 Mediastinal Pathology
  30 Minutes
- 16.30
  U01.16.030 Flow-Volume Loops in Lung Disease
  20 Minutes
- 16.31
  U01.16.031 Obstructive Lung Diseases
  60 Minutes
- 16.32
  U01.16.032 Restrictive Lung Diseases
  45 Minutes
- 16.33
  U01.16.033 Sarcoidosis
  20 Minutes
- 16.34
  U01.16.034 Inhalation Injury and Sequelae
  25 Minutes
- 16.35
  U01.16.035 Pneumoconioses
  45 Minutes
- 16.36
  U01.16.036 Mesothelioma
  20 Minutes
- 16.37
  U01.16.037 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  25 Minutes
- 16.38
  U01.16.038 Sleep apnea
  20 Minutes
- 16.39
  U01.16.039 Pulmonary hypertension
  35 Minutes
- 16.40
  U01.16.040 Physical Findings in Select Lung Diseases
  30 Minutes
- 16.41
  U01.16.041 Atelectasis
  20 Minutes
- 16.42
  U01.16.042 Pleural effusions
  25 Minutes
- 16.43
  U01.16.043 Pneumothorax
  40 Minutes
- 16.44
  U01.16.044 Lung cancer
  60 Minutes
- 16.45
  U01.16.045 Lung abscess
  25 Minutes
- 16.46
  U01.16.046 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS)
  15 Minutes
- 16.47
  U01.16.047 Histamine-1 (H1) blockers
  20 Minutes
- 16.48
  U01.16.048 Guaifenesin
  15 Minutes
- 16.49
  U01.16.049 N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
  15 Minutes
- 16.50
  U01.16.050 Dextromethorphan
  15 Minutes
- 16.51
  U01.16.051 Pseudoephedrine and Phenylephrine
  15 Minutes
- 16.52
  U01.16.052 Pulmonary Hypertension Drugs
  35 Minutes
- 16.53
  U01.16.053 β2-agonists
  35 Minutes
- 16.54
  U01.16.054 Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)
  25 Minutes
- 16.55
  U01.16.054 Muscarinic antagonists
  30 Minutes
- 16.56
  U01.16.055 Antileukotrienes: Montelukast, Zafirlukast, and Zileuton
  35 Minutes
- 16.57
  U01.16.056 Anti-IgE Monoclonal Therapy: Omalizumab
  15 Minutes
- 16.58
  U01.16.057 Theophylline
  20 Minutes
- 16.59
  U01.16.058 Chromones
  20 Minutes
- 16.60
  U01.16.059 Anti-IL-5 Monoclonal Therapy
  30 Minutes
- 16.61
  U01.16.060 Summary of Anti-Asthma Drugs
U01.17 Review: Pathophysiology of important diseases
USMLE Step 1 Rapid Review covers essential topics across multiple disciplines, providing a concise, high-yield overview to reinforce key concepts and optimize your exam preparation.
42
- 17.1
  U01.17.001 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- 17.2
  U01.17.002 Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
- 17.3
  U01.17.003 ß – thalassemia
- 17.4
  U01.17.004 Osteogenesis imperfecta
- 17.5
  U01.17.005 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
- 17.6
  U01.17.006 Menkes disease
- 17.7
  U01.17.007 Marfan syndrome
- 17.8
  U01.17.008 Prader–Willi syndrome
- 17.9
  U01.17.009 Angelman syndrome
- 17.10
  U01.17.010 Cystic Fibrosis
- 17.11
  U01.17.011 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
- 17.12
  U01.17.012 Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD)
- 17.13
  U01.17.013 Myotonic Dystrophy (DM1)
- 17.14
  U01.17.014 Fragile X Syndrome
- 17.15
  U01.17.015 Bitot spots (Vitamin A deficiency)
- 17.16
  U01.17.016 Wernicke encephalopathy
- 17.17
  U01.17.017 Pellagra (secondary to carcinoid syndrome)
- 17.18
  U01.17.018 Kwashiorkor
- 17.19
  U01.17.019 Alcohol-induced metabolic derangements
- 17.20
  U01.17.020 Aspirin-induced hyperthermia (mitochondrial uncoupling)
- 17.21
  U01.17.021 Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
- 17.22
  U01.17.022 Essential Fructosuria
- 17.23
  U01.17.023 Classic Galactosemia
- 17.24
  U01.17.024 Galactokinase Deficiency
- 17.25
  U01.17.025 Diabetic complications from sorbitol pathway
- 17.26
  U01.17.026 Terminal complement deficiency (C5–C9)
- 17.27
  U01.17.027 Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
- 17.28
  U01.17.028 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
- 17.29
  U01.17.029 Type I Hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated)
- 17.30
  U01.17.030 Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody-mediated)
- 17.31
  U01.17.031 Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune complex-mediated)
- 17.32
  U01.17.032 Type IV Hypersensitivity (T cell–mediated)
- 17.33
  U01.17.033 Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
- 17.34
  U01.17.034 X-linked (Bruton) Agammaglobulinemia
- 17.35
  U01.17.035 DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11 Deletion Syndrome)
- 17.36
  U01.17.036 Hyper-IgM Syndrome (CD40L Defect)
- 17.37
  U01.17.037 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (Type I)
- 17.38
  U01.17.038 Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome
- 17.39
  U01.17.039 Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
- 17.40
  U01.17.040 Candida infections — T-cell and granulocyte deficiencies
- 17.41
  U01.17.041 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by donor T cells attacking host tissues after transplantation
- 17.42
  U01.17.042 Catalase-positive organisms evade killing in CGD
U01.18 Review: Classic presentations
Upon completion, the learner will be able to accurately recall and articulate the classic constellation of signs, symptoms, and key distinguishing features for common diseases, aiding rapid clinical recognition.
72
- 18.1
  U01.18.001 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- 18.2
  U01.18.002 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome)
- 18.3
  U01.18.003 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- 18.4
  U01.18.004 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- 18.5
  U01.18.005 Marfan Syndrome
- 18.6
  U01.18.006 Homocystinuria
- 18.7
  U01.18.007 McCune-Albright syndrome
- 18.8
  U01.18.008 Cystic fibrosis
- 18.9
  U01.18.009 Muscular dystrophy
- 18.10
  U01.18.010 Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Gower sign
- 18.11
  U01.18.011 Becker muscular dystrophy
- 18.12
  U01.18.012 Patau syndrome
- 18.13
  U01.18.013 Edwards syndrome
- 18.14
  U01.18.014 Down syndrome
- 18.15
  U01.18.015 Cri-du-chat syndrome
- 18.16
  U01.18.016 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- 18.17
  U01.18.017 Wet beriberi
- 18.18
  U01.18.018 Pellagra
- 18.19
  U01.18.019 Pantothenic acid deficiency
- 18.20
  U01.18.020 Vitamin B12 deficiency
- 18.21
  U01.18.021 Scurvy
- 18.22
  U01.18.022 Vitamin D deficiency
- 18.23
  U01.18.023 Vitamin K deficiency
- 18.24
  U01.18.024 Phenylketonuria
- 18.25
  U01.18.025 Alkaptonuria
- 18.26
  U01.18.026 Glycogen storage disease (Cori or von Gierke)
- 18.27
  U01.18.027 McArdle disease
- 18.28
  U01.18.028 Tay-Sachs / Niemann-Pick disease
- 18.29
  U01.18.029 Gaucher disease
- 18.30
  U01.18.030 Familial hypercholesterolemia
- 18.31
  U01.18.031 Bruton disease
- 18.32
  U01.18.032 Selective IgA deficiency
- 18.33
  U01.18.033 Hyper-IgE syndrome
- 18.34
  U01.18.034 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1
- 18.35
  U01.18.035 Chronic granulomatous disease
- 18.36
  U01.18.036 Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
- 18.37
  U01.18.037 Strawberry tongue
- 18.38
  U01.18.038 Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis
- 18.39
  U01.18.039 Clostridium botulinum infection
- 18.40
  U01.18.040 Clostridioides difficile infection
- 18.41
  U01.18.041 Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection
- 18.42
  U01.18.042 Pott disease
- 18.43
  U01.18.043 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
- 18.44
  U01.18.044 Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
- 18.45
  U01.18.045 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
- 18.46
  U01.18.046 Erythema migrans (Lyme disease)
- 18.47
  U01.18.047 Genital ulcers
- 18.48
  U01.18.048 Condylomata lata
- 18.49
  U01.18.049 Argyll Robertson pupil
- 18.50
  U01.18.050 Pasteurella multocida infection
- 18.51
  U01.18.051 Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
- 18.52
  U01.18.052 Rash on palms and soles
- 18.53
  U01.18.053 Mucormycosis
- 18.54
  U01.18.054 Congenital toxoplasmosis
- 18.55
  U01.18.055 Hookworm infection
- 18.56
  U01.18.056 Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease)
- 18.57
  U01.18.057 Measles (Rubeola) virus infection
- 18.58
  U01.18.058 Aortic stenosis
- 18.59
  U01.18.059 Aortic regurgitation
- 18.60
  U01.18.060 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- 18.61
  U01.18.061 Angina
- 18.62
  U01.18.062 Angina vs NSTEMI
- 18.63
  U01.18.063 Postcardiac injury syndrome
- 18.64
  U01.18.064 Cardiac tamponade
- 18.65
  U01.18.065 Osler nodes
- 18.66
  U01.18.066 Janeway lesions
- 18.67
  U01.18.067 Splinter hemorrhages
- 18.68
  U01.18.068 Roth spots
- 18.69
  U01.18.069 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- 18.70
  U01.18.070 Polyuria and polydipsia
- 18.71
  U01.18.071 Sheehan syndrome
- 18.72
  U01.18.072 Hyperthyroidism
U01.19 Review: Classic Lab findings
This review explores classical lab findings, foundational for accurate diagnostics. Master hallmark CBCs, electrolytes, enzymes, and serologies to sharpen clinical acumen, confirming diseases and guiding effective patient care.
51
- 19.1
  U01.19.001 Cystic Fibrosis
- 19.2
  U01.19.002 Second Trimester Screening
- 19.3
  U01.19.003 First Trimester Screening
- 19.4
  U01.19.004 Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- 19.5
  U01.19.005 Drug-Induced Lupus – Serologic Findings
- 19.6
  U01.19.006 Thymic Aplasia – Laboratory and Diagnostic Findings
- 19.7
  U01.19.007 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome – Laboratory and Clinical Findings
- 19.8
  U01.19.008 Chédiak-Higashi Disease – Laboratory and Clinical Findings
- 19.9
  U01.19.009 Optochin Sensitivity – Streptococcal Identification
- 19.10
  U01.19.010 Novobiocin Sensitivity – Staphylococcal Identification
- 19.11
  U01.19.011 Bacitracin Sensitivity – Streptococcal Identification
- 19.12
  U01.19.012 Actinomyces Infection – Laboratory and Diagnostic Findings
- 19.13
  U01.19.013 Ghon Complex – Primary Tuberculosis
- 19.14
  U01.19.014 Thumb Sign – Epiglottitis
- 19.15
  U01.19.015 Clue Cells – Bacterial Vaginosis
- 19.16
  U01.19.016 Ring-Enhancing Brain Lesion in AIDS
- 19.17
  U01.19.017 Chagas Disease – Clinical and Laboratory Findings
- 19.18
  U01.19.018 Infectious Mononucleosis – Laboratory Findings
- 19.19
  U01.19.019 Steeple Sign – Croup
- 19.20
  U01.19.020 Negri Bodies – Rabies Infection
- 19.21
  U01.19.021 Psammoma Bodies – Histopathologic Finding
- 19.22
  U01.19.022 Boot-Shaped Heart – Tetralogy of Fallot
- 19.23
  U01.19.023 Rib Notching – Coarctation of the Aorta
- 19.24
  U01.19.024 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome – ECG Findings
- 19.25
  U01.19.025 Electrical Alternans – Cardiac Tamponade
- 19.26
  U01.19.026 Aschoff Bodies – Rheumatic Fever
- 19.27
  U01.19.027 Elevated Fibrin Degradation Products (D-dimer) — DVT, DIC
- 19.28
  U01.19.028 “Orphan Annie” Eyes — Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
- 19.29
  U01.19.029 “Brown” Tumor of Bone — Hyperparathyroidism / Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
- 19.30
  U01.19.030 Hypertension, Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis — Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)
- 19.31
  U01.19.031 Mucin-Filled Cell with Peripheral Nucleus — “Signet Ring” Cells (Diffuse Gastric Carcinoma)
- 19.32
  U01.19.032 Anti-Transglutaminase / Anti-Deamidated Gliadin / Anti-Endomysial Antibodies — Celiac Disease
- 19.33
  U01.19.033 Narrowing of Bowel Lumen on Small Bowel Follow-Through — “String Sign” (Crohn Disease)
- 19.34
  U01.19.034 “Lead Pipe” Appearance — Ulcerative Colitis
- 19.35
  U01.19.035 Thousands of Polyps — Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
- 19.36
  U01.19.036 “Apple Core” Lesion — Colorectal Cancer
- 19.37
  U01.19.037 “Nutmeg” Liver — Chronic Passive Congestion
- 19.38
  U01.19.038 Mallory Bodies — Alcoholic Hepatitis
- 19.39
  U01.19.039 Fatty Change — Fatty Liver Disease
- 19.40
  U01.19.040 Anti-Smooth Muscle and Anti-LKM1 Antibodies — Autoimmune Hepatitis
- 19.41
  U01.19.041 Antimitochondrial Antibodies — Primary Biliary Cholangitis
- 19.42
  U01.19.042 ↓ Serum Ceruloplasmin — Wilson Disease
- 19.43
  U01.19.043 Migratory Thrombophlebitis — Trousseau Syndrome
- 19.44
  U01.19.044 Basophilic Stippling — Sideroblastic Anemia and Thalassemias
- 19.45
  U01.19.045 Howell-Jolly Bodies — Post-Splenectomy / Functional Asplenia
- 19.46
  U01.19.046 Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia
- 19.47
  U01.19.047 “Hair on End” Skull — Thalassemia / Sickle Cell Anemia
- 19.48
  U01.19.048 Hypersegmented Neutrophils — Megaloblastic Anemia
- 19.49
  U01.19.049 Anti-GpIIb/IIIa Antibodies — Immune Thrombocytopenia
- 19.50
  U01.19.050 “Starry Sky” — Burkitt Lymphoma
- 19.51
  U01.19.051 “Punched-Out” Bone Lesions — Multiple Myeloma
U01.20 Review: Classic associations
This review focuses on classical key associations—the essential, high-yield connections between diseases, clinical signs, lab findings, and pathogens—to build a foundational framework for rapid diagnosis and clinical problem-solving.
30
- 20.1
  U01.20.001 Mitochondrial Inheritance
- 20.2
  U01.20.002 Intellectual Disability
- 20.3
  U01.20.003 Vitamin Deficiency (USA)
- 20.4
  U01.20.004 Lysosomal Storage Disease
- 20.5
  U01.20.005 HLA-DR3
- 20.6
  U01.20.006 HLA-DR4
- 20.7
  U01.20.007 H Pylori
- 20.8
  U01.20.008 Opportunistic Respiratory Infection in AIDS
- 20.9
  U01.20.009 Viral Encephalitis
- 20.10
  U01.20.010 Viral Infection Secondary to Blood Transfusion
- 20.11
  U01.20.011 Food Poisoning
- 20.12
  U01.20.012 Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia
- 20.13
  U01.20.013 Bacterial Meningitis (0–6 Months Old)
- 20.14
  U01.20.014 Bacterial Meningitis (>6 Months Old)
- 20.15
  U01.20.015 Osteomyelitis
- 20.16
  U01.20.016 Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
- 20.17
  U01.20.017 Osteomyelitis with Injection Drug Use
- 20.18
  U01.20.018 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection
- 20.19
  U01.20.019 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- 20.20
  U01.20.019 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- 20.21
  U01.20.020 Bone Metastases
- 20.22
  U01.20.021 Liver Metastases
- 20.23
  U01.20.022 Brain Metastases
- 20.24
  U01.20.023 S3 Heart Sound
- 20.25
  U01.20.024 S4 Heart Sound
- 20.26
  U01.20.025 Holosystolic Murmur
- 20.27
  U01.20.026 Ejection Click
- 20.28
  U01.20.027 Mitral Stenosis
- 20.29
  U01.20.028 Opening Snap
- 20.30
  U01.20.029 Heart Murmur, Congenital
U01.21 Equation review
This chapter reviews essential pharmacokinetic and physiologic equations for medical students, reinforcing core concepts, problem-solving skills, and clinical applications necessary for exams and patient care calculations.
37
- 21.1
  U01.21.001 Volume of Distribution (Vd)
- 21.2
  U01.21.002 Half-life (t½)
- 21.3
  U01.21.003 Drug Clearance (CL)
- 21.4
  U01.21.004 Loading Dose (LD)
- 21.5
  U01.21.005 Maintenance Dose (MD)
- 21.6
  U01.21.006 Therapeutic Index (TI)
- 21.7
  U01.21.007 Odds Ratio (OR)
- 21.8
  U01.21.008 Relative Risk (RR)
- 21.9
  U01.21.009 Attributable Risk (AR)
- 21.10
  U01.21.010 Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)
- 21.11
  U01.21.011 Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)
- 21.12
  U01.21.012 Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
- 21.13
  U01.21.013 Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
- 21.14
  U01.21.014 Likelihood Ratio Positive (LR⁺)
- 21.15
  U01.21.015 Likelihood Ratio Negative (LR⁻)
- 21.16
  U01.21.016 Sensitivity
- 21.17
  U01.21.017 Specificity
- 21.18
  U01.21.018 Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
- 21.19
  U01.21.019 Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
- 21.20
  U01.21.020 Cardiac Output (CO)
- 21.21
  U01.21.021 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- 21.22
  U01.21.022 Stroke Volume (SV)
- 21.23
  U01.21.023 Ejection Fraction (EF)
- 21.24
  U01.21.024 Resistance (R)
- 21.25
  U01.21.025 Capillary Fluid Exchange (Jv)
- 21.26
  U01.21.026 Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)
- 21.27
  U01.21.027 Renal Clearance (Cx)
- 21.28
  U01.21.028 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- 21.29
  U01.21.029 Effective Renal Plasma Flow (eRPF)
- 21.30
  U01.21.030 Filtration Fraction (FF)
- 21.31
  U01.21.031 Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FeNa⁺)
- 21.32
  U01.21.032 Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation (for Extracellular pH)
- 21.33
  U01.21.033 Winter’s Formula
- 21.34
  U01.21.034 Anion Gap (AG)
- 21.35
  U01.21.035 Physiologic Dead Space (VD)
- 21.36
  U01.21.036 Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
- 21.37
  U01.21.037 Alveolar Gas Equation (PAO₂)
U01.22 Commonly Confused Medications – Sound-Alike Drugs
This lesson explores commonly confused medications, highlighting look-alike and sound-alike drugs, their potential risks, and strategies for accurate identification to ensure patient safety and reduce medication errors in clinical practice.
20
- 22.1
  U01.22.001 Amiloride, Amiodarone, Amlodipine
- 22.2
  U01.22.002 Benztropine, Bromocriptine
- 22.3
  U01.22.003 Buspirone, Bupropion
- 22.4
  U01.22.004 Cimetidine, Cetirizine
- 22.5
  U01.22.005 Chloramphenicol, Chlordiazepoxide
- 22.6
  U01.22.006 Chlorpheniramine, Chlorthalidone
- 22.7
  U01.22.007 Clozapine, Clomipramine
- 22.8
  U01.22.008 Clomiphene, Clonidine
- 22.9
  U01.22.009 Doxepin, Doxazosin
- 22.10
  U01.22.010 Eplerenone, Propafenone
- 22.11
  U01.22.011 Fluoxetine, Fluphenazine
- 22.12
  U01.22.012 Mifepristone, Misoprostol
- 22.13
  U01.22.013 Naloxone, Naltrexone
- 22.14
  U01.22.014 Nitroprusside, Nitroglycerin
- 22.15
  U01.22.015 Omeprazole, Ketoconazole
- 22.16
  U01.22.016 Aripiprazole, Anastrozole
- 22.17
  U01.22.017 Rifaximin, Rifampin
- 22.18
  U01.22.018 Sertraline, Selegiline
- 22.19
  U01.22.019 Trazodone, Tramadol
- 22.20
  U01.22.020 Varenicline, Venlafaxine

U01.07.046 Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle, resulting in structural and functional abnormalities. The most common types of cardiomyopathy include dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Understanding these conditions is essential for medical students preparing for the USMLE Step 1 exam.

1. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Overview:

Most common form of cardiomyopathy (90% of cases).
Often idiopathic or familial (e.g., mutations in the TTN gene, encoding the sarcomeric protein titin).

Etiologies:

Genetic: TTN gene mutations.
Drugs: Alcohol, cocaine, doxorubicin.
Infections: Coxsackie B virus, Chagas disease.
Ischemia: Coronary artery disease (CAD).
Systemic conditions: Hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, wet beriberi.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Clinical Findings:

Heart failure (HF).
S3 gallop.
Systolic regurgitant murmur.
Echocardiogram: Dilated heart.
Chest X-ray (CXR): Balloon appearance of the heart.

Treatment:

Treatment Option	Purpose
Sodium restriction	Reduce fluid retention
ACE inhibitors	Reduce afterload and improve EF
Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol)	Improve symptoms and prevent arrhythmias
Diuretics	Reduce fluid overload
Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (e.g., Spironolactone)	Prevent fibrosis and improve survival
Digoxin	Improve contractility in severe cases
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)	Prevent sudden death from arrhythmias
Heart transplant	Consider for end-stage heart failure

Pathophysiology:

Leads to systolic dysfunction.
Eccentric hypertrophy: Sarcomeres added in series.
Can progress to heart failure.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Broken Heart Syndrome):

Caused by ventricular apical ballooning, likely due to increased sympathetic stimulation (e.g., stress).
Often seen after stressful events.

2. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

Overview:

60–70% of cases are familial, inherited as autosomal dominant.
Caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins (e.g., myosin binding protein C, β-myosin heavy chain).

Clinical Findings:

Syncope during exercise.
Sudden death in young athletes due to ventricular arrhythmia.
S4 gallop.
Systolic murmur: Due to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Possible mitral regurgitation due to impaired mitral valve closure.

Treatment:

Treatment Option	Purpose
Cessation of high-intensity athletics	Prevent arrhythmias and sudden death
Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol)	Improve symptoms and reduce arrhythmias
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., Verapamil)	Improve diastolic filling and prevent arrhythmias
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)	Prevent sudden death due to arrhythmias

Pathophysiology:

Diastolic dysfunction ensues.
Concentric hypertrophy (sarcomeres added in parallel), often with septal predominance.
Myofibrillar disarray and fibrosis are common.
Physiology of HOCM: Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve → outflow obstruction → dyspnea and possible syncope.

Other Causes of Concentric LV Hypertrophy:

Chronic hypertension.
Friedreich ataxia.

3. Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy

Overview:

Restrictive cardiomyopathies are characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened myocardium.

Etiologies:

Postradiation fibrosis.
Löffler endocarditis (associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome).
Endocardial fibroelastosis (thick fibroelastic tissue in young children).
Amyloidosis.
Sarcoidosis.
Hemochromatosis (though more commonly causes dilated cardiomyopathy).
Mnemonic: Puppy LEASH.

Clinical Findings:

Diastolic dysfunction.
Low-voltage ECG despite thick myocardium, especially in amyloidosis.
May see eosinophilic infiltrates in myocardium (in Löffler endocarditis).

Treatment:

Treatment Option	Purpose
Treatment of underlying cause (e.g., chelation for hemochromatosis)	Address the root cause
Diuretics	Manage symptoms of fluid overload
Heart transplant	For severe cases

Key Takeaways

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common form and leads to systolic dysfunction.
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy presents with diastolic dysfunction and can cause sudden death in young athletes.
Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy involves impaired diastolic filling, often with low-voltage ECG changes.

USMLE Step 1 Review Series

Curriculum

U01.07.046 Cardiomyopathies

1. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Overview:

Etiologies:

Clinical Findings:

Treatment:

Pathophysiology:

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Broken Heart Syndrome):

2. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

Overview:

Clinical Findings:

Treatment:

Pathophysiology:

Other Causes of Concentric LV Hypertrophy:

3. Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy

Overview:

Etiologies:

Clinical Findings:

Treatment:

Key Takeaways

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