U01.04.035 Cachexia

Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by significant weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occurs in chronic diseases. It is often associated with conditions such as cancer, AIDS, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Pathophysiology Cachexia is mediated by various inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the development and progression of the syndrome. The key mediators include:

TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma)
IL-1 (Interleukin-1)
IL-6 (Interleukin-6)

Impact on Chronic Diseases

Cancer: Cachexia can exacerbate the patient’s condition and reduce tolerance to treatments.
AIDS: It significantly impacts the quality of life and overall health of affected individuals.
Heart Failure: Contributes to deterioration of physical health and functional capacity.
COPD: Accelerates muscle wasting and affects overall respiratory function.

Points to Remember

Weight Loss: Significant, often unintended weight loss.
Muscle Atrophy: Decrease in muscle mass, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
Inflammatory Mediators: TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6 play central roles in the development of cachexia.

Summary Table

Aspect	Details
Definition	Syndrome with weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue
Associated Diseases	Cancer, AIDS, heart failure, COPD
Key Mediators	TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6
Clinical Impact	Exacerbates disease, affects quality of life and treatment tolerance

Summary Table

This format provides a structured overview of cachexia, its pathophysiology, its impact on chronic diseases, and key points for easy reference.

USMLE Step 1 Review Series

Curriculum

U01.04.035 Cachexia

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