Arrhythmias

Introduction:

• Irregular heart rhythms are caused by electrical disturbances.
• Classified as bradyarrhythmias (slow) and tachyarrhythmias (fast).

Common Findings:

• Palpitations, chest discomfort, dizziness, syncope.
• ECG abnormalities: prolonged QT interval, irregular rhythms.

Bradyarrhythmias:

• Sinus bradycardia: Heart rate < 60 bpm.
• AV block: Delay or interruption in electrical signals between atria and ventricles.
• Sick Sinus Syndrome: Dysfunction of the sinoatrial node.

Tachyarrhythmias:

• Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs): Atrial fibrillation, Atrial flutter, PSVT.
• Ventricular tachycardia (VT): Fast, regular heart rate from ventricles.
• Ventricular fibrillation (VF): Chaotic electrical activity in ventricles.

Diagnostic Approaches:

• History, physical exam, ECG.
• Holter monitoring, electrophysiological studies.

Management:

• Pharmacological: Antiarrhythmics, rate control agents.
• Interventional: Catheter ablation, pacemaker/ICD insertion.
• Lifestyle modifications.

Complications:

• Stroke, heart failure exacerbation, sudden cardiac death.
• Prognosis varies based on cause and treatment response.

Key Points:

• Recognize common symptoms and ECG findings.
• Understand bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias.
• Know diagnostic and management strategies.
• Emphasize early intervention to prevent complications.