Rate-Limiting Enzymes of Major Metabolic Pathways
| Metabolic Pathway | Rate-Limiting Enzyme |
|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) |
| Gluconeogenesis | Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase |
| TCA Cycle | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase |
| Glycogenesis | Glycogen Synthase |
| Glycogenolysis | Glycogen Phosphorylase |
| HMP Shunt (PPP) | Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) |
| Fatty Acid Synthesis | Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation (β-Oxidation) | Carnitine Acyltransferase I (CAT-1 / CPT-1) |
| Cholesterol Synthesis | HMG-CoA Reductase |
| Ketogenesis | HMG-CoA Synthase (Mitochondrial) |
| Urea Cycle | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I (CPS-I) |
| Heme Synthesis | δ-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) Synthase |
| Purine De Novo Synthesis | PRPP Amidotransferase |
| Pyrimidine De Novo Synthesis | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II (CPS-II) |