NEET PG High-Yield: Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis is a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the chronic inhalation of mineral dusts, leading to pulmonary fibrosis.
Common Types & Key Findings
| Disease | Causal Agent | Key Radiographic/Clinical Feature |
|---|---|---|
| Silicosis | Free Silica ($SiO_2$) | Eggshell calcification of hilar lymph nodes. |
| Asbestosis | Asbestos fibers | Lower lobe fibrosis, pleural plaques, Mesothelioma. |
| Coal Worker’s | Coal dust | “Black lung”; coal macules. |
| Byssinosis | Cotton dust | “Monday Morning Fever” (chest tightness). |
Clinical High-Yield Points
- Silico-tuberculosis: Patients with silicosis have an increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Caplan’s Syndrome: Rheumatoid arthritis + Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (presents as large necrobiotic pulmonary nodules).
- Pathogenesis: Dust particles (< 5 $\mu$m) reach the alveoli; macrophages ingest particles, leading to inflammatory cytokine release and fibrosis.
High-Yield NEET PG Pearls:
- Diagnosis: Chest X-ray (ILO classification for pneumoconiosis), PFT (restrictive pattern), and history of occupational exposure.
- Prevention: Wet drilling, local exhaust ventilation, and appropriate PPE (respirators).
- Byssinosis Grading: Based on the severity of chest tightness related to the work week (Grade 0–3).