Parotid Gland: Anatomy and Relations
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland. Its anatomy is clinically significant due to the vital neurovascular structures that pass through it.
Structures Passing Through (Deep to Superficial):
- Facial Nerve (CN VII): Divides into five terminal branches within the gland (Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal Mandibular, Cervical).
- Retromandibular Vein: Formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins.
- External Carotid Artery: Gives rise to the posterior auricular, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries.
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Duct | Stensen duct; pierces the buccinator muscle to open opposite the 2nd upper molar. |
| Innervation | Parasympathetic (CN IX via otic ganglion), Sympathetic (plexus on external carotid artery). |
High-Yield Clinical Notes:
- Parotitis: Often viral (e.g., Mumps) or bacterial due to ductal obstruction (sialolithiasis).
- Facial Nerve Palsy: During parotid surgery, the facial nerve is at high risk; injury causes ipsilateral facial drooping.
- Mnemonic for Facial Nerve Branches: “To Zanzibar By Motor Car.”