NEET PG High-Yield: Obesity
Obesity is a complex multifactorial condition defined by excessive fat accumulation that impairs health. It is a major risk factor for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) like T2DM, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Diagnostic Criteria (WHO/Asia-Pacific Guidelines)
| Category | BMI (kg/m²) |
|---|---|
| Normal | 18.5–22.9 |
| Overweight | 23.0–24.9 |
| Obese Class I | 25.0–29.9 |
| Obese Class II | ≥ 30.0 |
Clinical Assessment & Concepts
- Waist Circumference (WC): A better indicator of visceral adiposity than BMI.
Asian Cut-offs: Men ≥ 90 cm; Women ≥ 80 cm. - Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR): Assesses fat distribution. A WHR > 0.9 in men or > 0.8 in women indicates central obesity.
- Etiology: Energy imbalance (intake > expenditure) influenced by genetics, environment, diet, and physical inactivity.
High-Yield NEET PG Pearls:
- Comorbidities: Strongly associated with “Metabolic Syndrome,” Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and osteoarthritis.
- Management: Lifestyle intervention (dietary modification + physical activity) is the first-line treatment.
- Bariatric Surgery: Indicated for BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² with comorbidities, or BMI ≥ 40 kg/m² even without comorbidities.
- “Obesity Paradox”: In certain chronic conditions (e.g., heart failure), mild obesity may show a survival advantage.