Low Birth Weight (LBW)
LBW is defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams, regardless of gestational age. It is a critical indicator of neonatal health and long-term developmental outcomes.
1. Classification
- Low Birth Weight (LBW): < 2,500 g
- Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW): < 1,500 g
- Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW): < 1,000 g
2. Immediate Complications
| System | Complication |
|---|---|
| Thermoregulation | Hypothermia (poor brown fat reserves). |
| Metabolic | Hypoglycemia, Hypocalcemia. |
| Respiratory | RDS, Apnea of prematurity. |
| Infection | Increased susceptibility to neonatal sepsis. |
3. Long-Term Sequelae
- Neurodevelopmental: Cerebral palsy, cognitive delays, and sensory deficits (vision/hearing).
- Metabolic: Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension in adult life (Barker Hypothesis).
- Respiratory: Increased risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and recurrent wheezing.
NEET PG Hint: Remember that Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is the most effective low-cost intervention for managing stable LBW infants by promoting thermoregulation, bonding, and exclusive breastfeeding. Differentiate between preterm infants and IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction)—the latter is at higher risk for polycythemia and birth asphyxia.