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- Year 1
- M04 Medical Physiology
Curriculum
- 13 Sections
- 181 Lessons
- 52 Weeks
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- M04 Quiz: Medical PhysiologyThis comprehensive quiz covers a wide range of topics from all sections of physiology, ensuring a thorough evaluation of your understanding. With a pool of 500 questions, each quiz attempt will present a unique set of randomly selected questions, offering a diverse testing experience every time.2
- M04.01 Cell biologyUnderstand Cell Structure and Function: Describe organelles and key processes like mitosis. Explore Cell Signaling and Communication: Discuss pathways and cell interactions. Analyze Cellular Transport: Study transport mechanisms and cell cycle regulation. Understand Cell Diversity and Disease: Recognize specialized functions and disease mechanisms. Develop Integrative and Critical Thinking: Connect with other disciplines and analyze data.17
- 2.0M04.01 Quiz: Cell biology30 Minutes16 Questions
- 2.1M04.01.001 The Cell membrane60 Minutes
- 2.2M04.01.002 The endoplasmic reticulum60 Minutes
- 2.3M04.01.003 The Golgi apparatus
- 2.4M04.01.004 Lysosomes60 Minutes
- 2.5M04.01.005 Mitochondria60 Minutes
- 2.6M04.01.006 The nucleus60 Minutes
- 2.7M04.01.007 Ultrastructure of Blood Vessels60 Minutes
- 2.8M04.01.008 Bone ossification60 Minutes
- 2.9M04.01.009 Cartilage60 Minutes
- 2.10M04.01.010 Cellular adaptations60 Minutes
- 2.11M04.01.011 Epithelial cells60 Minutes
- 2.12M04.01.012 Skeletal muscle60 Minutes
- 2.13M04.01.013 Smooth muscle60 Minutes
- 2.14M04.01.014 Cardiac muscle60 Minutes
- 2.15M04.01.015 The skin60 Minutes
- 2.16M04.01.016 Structure of Glands60 Minutes
- M04.02 Cell physiologyUnderstand Cellular Processes: Describe metabolism and signal transduction. Explore Energy Production: Define energy pathways and regulation. Analyze Cell Communication: Discuss signaling mechanisms. Understand Homeostasis: Investigate mechanisms maintaining cell balance. Apply in Disease: Understand cellular involvement in diseases.21
- 3.0M04.02.01 Apoptosis60 Minutes
- 3.1M04.02.02 The cell cycle60 Minutes
- 3.2M04.02.03 DNA replication60 Minutes
- 3.3M04.02.04 Meiosis60 Minutes
- 3.4M04.02.05 Active Transport60 Minutes
- 3.5M04.02.06 Cellular receptors60 Minutes
- 3.6M04.02.07 Enzyme Inhibition60 Minutes
- 3.7M04.02.08 Enzyme kinetics60 Minutes
- 3.8M04.02.09 G-protein coupled receptors
- 3.9M04.02.10 Osmosis30 Minutes
- 3.10M04.02.11 Protein structure60 Minutes
- 3.11M04.02.12 Transcription of DNA
- 3.12M04.02.13 Translation of DNA
- 3.13M04.02.14 Anaerobic respiration
- 3.14M04.02.15 Gluconeogenesis
- 3.15M04.02.16 Glycolysis
- 3.16M04.02.17 The electron transport chain (ETC)
- 3.17M04.02.18 TCA Cycle
- 3.18M04.02.19 Calcium Regulation
- 3.19M04.02.20 Potassium regulation
- 3.20M04.02 Quiz: Cell physiology10 Minutes0 Questions
- M04.03 Fluid Distribution and EdemaBy the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Describe the distribution of body fluids and the factors regulating fluid movement. Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to edema. Identify and evaluate clinical signs and causes of edema. Develop appropriate management and treatment plans for patients with edema.18
- 4.0M04.03.01 Total Body Water60 Minutes
- 4.1M04.03.02 Osmosis30 Minutes
- 4.2M04.03.03 Extracellular Solutes60 Minutes
- 4.3M04.03.04 Osmolar Gap60 Minutes
- 4.4M04.03.05 Graphical Representation of Body Compartments60 Minutes
- 4.5M04.03.06 Aldosterone20 Minutes
- 4.6M04.03.07 Anti-Diuretic Hormone25 Minutes
- 4.7M04.03.08 Renin25 Minutes
- 4.8M04.03.09 Negative Feedback Regulation15 Minutes
- 4.9M04.03.10 Filtration and Absorption15 Minutes
- 4.10M04.03.11 Starling Equation20 Minutes
- 4.11M04.03.12 Lymphatics15 Minutes
- 4.12M04.03.13 Edema pathology intergration15 Minutes
- 4.13M04.03.14 Peripheral Edema25 Minutes
- 4.14M04.03.15 Pulmonary Edema30 Minutes
- 4.15M04.03.16 Volue measurements of compartments20 Minutes
- 4.16PM04.03.17 Properties of the Tracer and Compartment Measured25 Minutes
- 4.17M04.03.18 Blood Volume versus Plasma Volume
- M04.04 Excitable TissueTo provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and physiology of excitable tissues, emphasizing the mechanisms of action potentials, synaptic transmission, and neuromuscular communication, preparing students to diagnose and treat related disorders effectively.34
- 5.0M04.04.01 EXCITABLE TISSUE60 Minutes
- 5.1M04.04.02 ION CHANNELS20 Minutes
- 5.2M04.04.03 EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL20 Minutes
- 5.3M04.04.04 Resting Membrane Potential
- 5.4M04.04.05 ACTION POTENTIAL
- 5.5M04.04.06 VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS
- 5.6M04.04.07 THE ACTION POTENTIAL Subthreshold Stimulus
- 5.7M04.04.08 Threshold Stimulus
- 5.8M04.04.09 PROPERTIES OF ACTION POTENTIALS Refractory Periods
- 5.9Conduction Velocity of the Action Potential
- 5.10Synaptic transmission: Neuromuscular Junction
- 5.11Synapses Between Neurons
- 5.12Electrical Synapses
- 5.13Peripheral Nervous System
- 5.14Decreased Neuronal Excitability/Conduction
- 5.15Increased Neuronal Excitability/Conduction
- 5.16Properties of cardia tissues
- 5.17Automaticity
- 5.18Conduction
- 5.19Contraction
- 5.20Conduction Pathway
- 5.21Resting Membrane Potential (Non-Nodal Cells)
- 5.22Action Potential (Non-Nodal Cells)
- 5.23Action Potential (Nodal Cells)
- 5.24CONTROL OF NODAL EXCITABILITY Catecholamines
- 5.25Parasympathetic
- 5.26ELECTROCARDIOLOGY Electrocardiogram
- 5.27Standard Conventions
- 5.28Reading an ECG
- 5.29Heart Block
- 5.30Atrial Flutter
- 5.31Atrial Fibrillation
- 5.32Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
- 5.33Other Factors Changing the ECG
- M04.05 MuscleThe objective of M04.05 Muscle Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of muscle contraction, the molecular basis of muscle function, the types of muscle tissue, and the regulation of muscle activity. Students will explore muscle metabolism, excitation-contraction coupling, and the physiological adaptations of muscles to exercise and disease.17
- 6.1M04.05 Quiz: Muscle10 Minutes0 Questions
- 6.2M04.05.01 Skeletal muscles structure function and relationship: Ultrastructure of a Myofibril30 Minutes
- 6.3M04.05.02 Ultrastructure of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum25 Minutes
- 6.4M04.05.03 Functional Proteins of the Sarcomere30 Minutes
- 6.5M04.05.04 Cross-Bridge Interactions (Chemical-Mechanical Transduction)30 Minutes
- 6.6M04.05.05 REGULATION OF CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM
- 6.7M04.05.06 Mechanical Response to a Single Action Potential60 Minutes
- 6.8M04.05.07 Summation and Recruitment60 Minutes
- 6.9M04.05.08 COMPARISON OF STRIATED MUSCLES60 Minutes
- 6.10M04.05.09 SMOOTH MUSCLE Actin-Myosin Interaction
- 6.11M04.05.10 Regulation of Smooth Muscle30 Minutes
- 6.12M04.05.11 MUSCLE MECHANICS Preload & After-load30 Minutes
- 6.13M04.05.11 LENGTH–TENSION CURVES
- 6.14M04.05.13 Passive Tension Curve
- 6.15M04.05.14 Active Tension
- 6.16M04.05.15 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY AND LOAD
- 6.17M04.05.16 PROPERTIES OF WHITE VS. RED MUSCLE
- M04.06 CardiovascularThe objective of M04.06 Cardiovascular Physiology is to understand the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, the regulation of blood flow and pressure, and the integration of cardiovascular responses. Students will study cardiac cycle mechanics, electrical conduction, and the physiological basis of cardiovascular diseases and their treatments.19
- 7.0M04.03.01 Control of stroke volume30 Minutes
- 7.1M04.03.02 Control of the heart rate30 Minutes
- 7.2M04.03.03 The Action Potential in Ventricular Cells30 Minutes
- 7.3M04.03.04 The Cardiac Cycle30 Minutes
- 7.4M04.03.05 The Action Potential in Cardiac Pacemaker Cells30 Minutes
- 7.5M04.03.06 Conducting system of the heart30 Minutes
- 7.6M04.03.07 Contraction of cardiac muscle30 Minutes
- 7.7M04.03.08 Control of blood pressure30 Minutes
- 7.8M04.03.09 Capillary Exchange30 Minutes
- 7.9M04.03.10 Flow Within The Cardiovascular System30 Minutes
- 7.10M04.03.11 Regulation of Peripheral Blood Flow30 Minutes
- 7.11M04.03.12 Venous return30 Minutes
- 7.12M04.03.13 Cardiac muscle circulation30 Minutes
- 7.13M04.03.14 Cerebral circulation30 Minutes
- 7.14M04.03.15 Cutaneous circulation30 Minutes
- 7.15M04.03.16 Hepatic circulation30 Minutes
- 7.16M04.03.17 Pulmonary circulation30 Minutes
- 7.17M04.03.18 Blood Circulation in Skeletal Muscles30 Minutes
- 7.18M04.03 Quiz: Cardiology10 Minutes0 Questions
- M04.07 RespiratoryThe objective of M04.07 Respiratory Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of breathing, gas exchange, and regulation of respiration. Students will explore the anatomy of the respiratory system, lung mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and the physiological responses to various conditions such as exercise, altitude, and respiratory diseases.12
- 8.0M04.07 Quiz: Respiratory10 Minutes0 Questions
- 8.1M04.07.01 Lung Volumes and Capacities30 Minutes
- 8.2M04.07.002 Ventilation30 Minutes
- 8.3M04.07.03 Lung Mechanics30 Minutes
- 8.4M04.07.04 Cardiovascular Changes with Ventilation30 Minutes
- 8.5M04.07.05 Positive-Pressure Ventilation30 Minutes
- 8.6M04.07.06 Pneumothorax30 Minutes
- 8.7M04.07.007 Lung Inflation Curve and Compliance35 Minutes
- 8.8M04.07.008 Airway Resistance and Its Determinants30 Minutes
- 8.9M04.07.009 Pulmonary Function Testing45 Minutes
- 8.10M04.07.010 The Normal Lung: Gas Exchange and Partial Pressures25 Minutes
- 8.11M04.07.011 Factors Affecting Alveolar PO₂25 Minutes
- M04.08 GastrointestinalThe objective of M04.08 Gastrointestinal Physiology is to understand the processes of digestion, absorption, and motility within the gastrointestinal tract. Students will study the regulatory mechanisms controlling gastrointestinal function, the roles of various digestive enzymes and hormones, and the integration of neural and endocrine signals in maintaining gastrointestinal health and responding to diseases.12
- 9.0M04.08.01 Digestive System Overview
- 9.1M04.08.02 Digestive Processes
- 9.2M04.08.03 Mouth and Salivary Glands
- 9.3M04.08.04 Esophagus
- 9.4M04.08.05 Stomach
- 9.5M04.08.06 Small Intestine
- 9.6M04.08.07 Large Intestine
- 9.7M04.08.08 Liver
- 9.8M04.08.09 Pancreas
- 9.9M04.08.10 Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function
- 9.10M04.08.11 Integrated Gastrointestinal Physiology
- 9.11M04.08 Quiz: Gastrointestinal10 Minutes0 Questions
- M04.09 Urinary PhysiologyThe objective of M04.09 Urinary Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of kidney function, including filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Students will explore the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base homeostasis, urine formation, and the physiological responses to alterations in hydration and electrolyte levels, as well as the impact of renal diseases.12
- 10.0M04.09.01 Renal Anatomy
- 10.1M04.09.02 Glomerular Filtration
- 10.2M04.09.03 Tubular Reabsorption
- 10.3M04.09.04 Tubular Secretion
- 10.4M04.09.05 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
- 10.5M04.09.06 Acid-Base Balance
- 10.6M04.09.07 Renal Clearance
- 10.7M04.09.08 Renal Function Tests
- 10.8M04.09.09 Renal Physiology in Health and Disease
- 10.9M04.09.10 Renal Regulation of Electrolyte Balance
- 10.10M04.09.11 Renal Hormones
- 10.11M04.09 Quiz: Urinary Physiology10 Minutes0 Questions
- M04.10 ReproductiveThis course explores the intricate mechanisms governing human reproduction. From hormonal regulation to the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, delve into the complexities of male and female reproductive physiology. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the hormonal regulation, anatomical structures, and physiological processes underlying human reproduction.6
- M04.11 Central nervous systemfunction of the brain and spinal cord, including neural communication, sensory and motor pathways, and higher cognitive functions. Students will explore synaptic transmission, neuroplasticity, and the physiological basis of neurological diseases and their treatments.10
- 12.0M04.11.01 Neuron Structure and Function
- 12.1M04.11.02 Synaptic Transmission
- 12.2M04.11.03 Action Potential Generation
- 12.3M04.11.04 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
- 12.4M04.11.05 Neurotransmitter Pathways
- 12.5M04.11.06 Central Nervous System Circuits
- 12.6M04.11.07 Neurotransmitter Regulation
- 12.7M04.11.08 Central Nervous System Control Systems
- 12.8M04.11.09 Brain Anatomy and Function
- 12.9M04.11.10 Sensory Systems
- M04.12 EndocrineThe objective of M04.12 Endocrine Physiology is to understand the regulation and functions of the endocrine system, including hormone synthesis, secretion, and action. Students will study the roles of major endocrine glands, the mechanisms of hormone signaling, feedback loops, and the physiological effects of hormonal imbalances and endocrine disorders.11
- 13.0M04.12.01 Introduction to Endocrine System
- 13.1M04.12.02 Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
- 13.2M04.12.03 Hormone Transport and Distribution
- 13.3M04.12.04 Hormone Receptors and Signal Transduction
- 13.4M04.12.05 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
- 13.5M04.12.06 Thyroid Hormones and Metabolism
- 13.6M04.12.07 Adrenal Hormones and Stress Response
- 13.7M04.12.08 Pancreatic Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis
- 13.8M04.12.09 Reproductive Hormones and Sexual Development
- 13.9M04.12.10 Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
- 13.10M04.12 Quiz: Endocrine10 Minutes0 Questions
M04.03.16 Volue measurements of compartments
To accurately measure the volume of a body compartment, a tracer substance is used. This substance must distribute uniformly within the compartment and remain measurable for analysis.
Key Characteristics of a Tracer Substance
The tracer used must:
- Be easily measurable.
- Distribute well throughout the compartment.
- Not be rapidly metabolized or removed from the compartment.
Formula for Volume Measurement
The volume VVV of a body compartment can be determined by using the following formula:
V=A/C
Where:
- V is the volume of the compartment.
- A is the amount of the tracer injected.
- C is the concentration of the tracer in the compartment.
Example Calculation
For instance, if 300 mg of a dye is injected intravenously and the concentration of the dye in the blood at equilibrium is 0.05 mg/mL, the volume of the compartment is calculated as:
V=300 mg/0.05 mg/mL
=6,000 mL
Thus, the volume of the compartment is 6,000 mL, and this is referred to as the Volume of Distribution (VOD).
Points to Remember
- Tracer characteristics: The tracer substance must remain within the compartment and not degrade or be removed quickly.
- Simple formula: The volume of distribution is given by V=ACV = \frac{A}{C}V=CA, which is easy to compute.
- VOD importance: Volume of distribution is critical in pharmacokinetics to understand drug distribution within the body.