Learning Objective

Understand the definition of learning and differentiate between the main types of learning: classical and operant.

Types of Learning

Learning is a process that results in a permanent change in behavior that is not caused by fatigue, drugs, or natural maturation. It reflects an enduring adaptation in an organism due to experience.

Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning:

• Learning occurs by forming an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
• Example: Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell paired with food.

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning:

• Learning occurs through the consequences of behavior, involving reinforcement (which increases behavior) or punishment (which decreases behavior).
• Example: A rat presses a lever to receive food (positive reinforcement) or avoids a shock (negative reinforcement).

Activity

Key Point:

Learning is experience-dependent, adaptable, and measurable through behavioral changes, distinct from temporary effects like fatigue or drugs.

Activity