P01.002 Acute bronchitis

Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, typically caused by viral infections, leading to cough and other respiratory symptoms.

Etiology

• Viral Causes (most common):
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Rhinovirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Adenovirus
• Bacterial Causes (less common):
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Bordetella pertussis

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

• Clinical History and Physical Examination
  • Cough lasting more than five days
  • Wheezing or rhonchi heard on auscultation
• Investigations (typically not required unless suspecting complications or alternative diagnoses):
  • Chest X-ray: To rule out pneumonia
  • Sputum culture: Rarely indicated
  • Pulmonary function tests: If underlying chronic lung disease is suspected

Management

Complications

• Pneumonia
• Chronic bronchitis (if recurrent)
• Worsening of underlying chronic pulmonary conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD)

Points to Remember

• Acute bronchitis is mostly viral; antibiotics are rarely needed.
• Focus on symptomatic relief and patient education.
• Ensure patients with chronic lung conditions are monitored closely.
• Consider alternative diagnoses if symptoms persist or worsen after three weeks.

Comparison: Acute Bronchitis vs. Pneumonia