M10.05.05 Examination of the Eyes

The eye examination is a crucial component of the head and neck assessment. It involves evaluating visual acuity, inspecting external and internal eye structures, and assessing ocular function. This section provides an in-depth overview of the techniques used in eye examination and the significance of these assessments in clinical practice.

Importance of Eye Examination

• Early Detection: Identifies ocular and systemic diseases at an early stage.
• Vision Assessment: Ensures accurate evaluation of visual acuity and eye health.
• Neurological Insight: Provides clues about neurological conditions through cranial nerve assessment.
• Comprehensive Care: Integrates findings into overall patient health management.

Key Techniques in Eye Examination

1. Visual Acuity
   • Testing Method: Use a Snellen chart at 20 feet distance.
   • Procedure: Test each eye separately, then both eyes together. Document the smallest line read accurately.
2. External Examination
   • Inspection: Assess eyelids, lashes, conjunctiva, and sclera.
   • Palpation: Gently palpate the lacrimal apparatus for tenderness or discharge.
3. Ocular Movements
   • Extraocular Muscles: Test the six cardinal positions of gaze to assess cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.
   • Convergence: Test by moving an object towards the nose and observing the eyes converging.
4. Pupillary Reaction
   • Direct and Consensual Light Reflex: Shine a light in one eye and observe constriction in both the same eye (direct) and the opposite eye (consensual).
   • Accommodation Reflex: Have the patient focus on a distant object, then a near one, observing pupillary constriction.
5. Ophthalmoscopy
   • Fundoscopic Examination: Use an ophthalmoscope to examine the red reflex, optic disc, retinal vessels, and the macula.
   • Procedure: Dim the room, and use the right hand and right eye for examining the patient’s right eye, and the left hand and left eye for the patient’s left eye.

Tables and Charts

Key Points to Remember

• Ensure proper lighting and patient comfort throughout the examination.
• Document all findings meticulously, including any deviations from normal.
• Familiarize yourself with normal variations and common pathological signs.
• Use the ophthalmoscope systematically to avoid missing any abnormalities.
• Always compare findings between both eyes for consistency.

Related Abnormal Conditions

1. Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly; corrected with concave lenses.
2. Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects clearly; corrected with convex lenses.
3. Astigmatism: Irregular corneal curvature causing blurred vision; corrected with cylindrical lenses.
4. Cataracts: Clouding of the eye’s lens, leading to decreased vision; treated surgically.
5. Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure causing optic nerve damage and vision loss.
6. Diabetic Retinopathy: Damage to retinal blood vessels due to diabetes; can lead to blindness.
7. Hypertensive Retinopathy: Retinal changes due to chronic high blood pressure; include hemorrhages and exudates.
8. Age-related Macular Degeneration: Deterioration of the central retina, causing central vision loss.
9. Retinal Detachment: Separation of the retina from underlying tissue; a medical emergency.
10. Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss and pain.

Bibliography

1. Kanski, J. J., & Bowling, B. (2016). Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. Elsevier.
2. Riordan-Eva, P., & Whitcher, J. P. (2011). Vaughan & Asbury’s General Ophthalmology. McGraw-Hill Education.
3. American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2019). Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC) Section 8: External Disease and Cornea. AAO.
4. Trobe, J. D. (2006). The Physician’s Guide to Eye Care. American Academy of Ophthalmology.

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