mymedschool.orgM07 Medical Microbiology

Welcome to Medical Microbiology! This course covers fundamental and advanced topics in microbiology, including the classification, structure, and function of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. We will explore microbial pathogenesis, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and the clinical implications of infectious diseases. The course includes laboratory techniques for diagnosing infections, principles of infection control, and the role of the immune system in combating infections. Through lectures, lab sessions, and case studies, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of microbial diseases and their impact on human health. Prepare to engage, inquire, and apply your knowledge in clinical settings.

Features

Comprehensive Curriculum: The course covers a wide range of topics, including bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and infection control, providing students with a thorough understanding of medical microbiology.
Hands-on Laboratory Experience: Students engage in practical laboratory sessions to develop essential microbiological techniques, including microscopy, culture methods, and biochemical tests, enhancing their skills in pathogen identification and diagnosis.
Interactive Learning Materials: The course offers interactive lectures, case studies, and multimedia resources to engage students and reinforce key concepts, facilitating active learning and knowledge retention.
Clinical Relevance: Emphasis is placed on the clinical relevance of microbiological principles, with real-world case studies, clinical scenarios, and discussions on antimicrobial therapy, infection prevention, and control strategies.
Expert Instruction: The course is taught by experienced faculty members with expertise in medical microbiology, infectious diseases, and laboratory medicine, providing students with expert guidance, mentorship, and support throughout their learning journey.

Target audiences

Medical Students: This course is essential for medical students seeking a comprehensive understanding of microbial diseases, diagnostics, and infection control to prepare for clinical practice.
Nursing Students: Nursing students can benefit from learning about microbial pathogens, antimicrobial resistance, and infection prevention strategies to provide effective patient care in various healthcare settings.
Laboratory Technicians: Laboratory technicians and technologists who perform microbiological tests and analyses require in-depth knowledge of microbiology principles, laboratory techniques, and quality assurance practices.
Pharmacy Students: Pharmacy students can enhance their understanding of antimicrobial agents, mechanisms of action, and resistance patterns to optimize antibiotic therapy and promote antimicrobial stewardship.
Public Health Professionals: Public health professionals involved in disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, and infection control programs benefit from understanding microbial epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and preventive measures to mitigate infectious disease threats.

Requirements

Basic Understanding of Biology: Students should have a foundational knowledge of biology, including concepts such as cell structure, genetics, and basic microbiology.
Laboratory Access: Access to laboratory facilities equipped with essential equipment for microbiological techniques, such as microscopes, culture media, and safety equipment, is necessary for hands-on learning experiences.
Internet Access: A reliable internet connection is essential for accessing online resources, virtual laboratories, lectures, and interactive learning materials.
Textbooks and Resources: Required textbooks, reference materials, and online resources recommended by the course instructor should be available to students for studying and research purposes.
Commitment to Safety: Students must adhere to laboratory safety protocols and guidelines to ensure their safety and the safety of others when working with microorganisms and laboratory equipment.

Curriculum

57 Sections
543 Lessons
52 Weeks

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M07.01 Introduction to Medical Microbiology
Introduction to Medical Microbiology provides a foundational understanding of microbial pathogens and their impact on human health.
10
- 1.0
  M07.01.01 Importance of Microbiology in Medicine
- 1.1
  M07.01.02 Historical Perspective of Medical Microbiology
- 1.2
  M07.01.03 Scope and Branches of Medical Microbiology
- 1.3
  M07.01.04 Microbial Diversity and Classification
- 1.4
  M07.01.05 Principles of Infection and Disease
- 1.5
  M07.01.06 Microbial Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors
- 1.6
  M07.01.07 Host-Microbe Interactions
- 1.7
  M07.01.08 Microbial Ecology and Epidemiology
- 1.8
  M07.01.09 Microbiome and Human Health
- 1.9
  M07.01.10 Role of Medical Microbiology in Public Health
M07.02 Classification of Bacteria
This topic explores the diverse classification systems used to categorize bacteria based on various criteria, including morphology, staining properties, taxonomy, phylogeny, and ecological niches. The classification of bacteria is essential for understanding their diversity, evolutionary relationships, and pathogenic potential.
10
- 2.0
  M07.02.01 Morphological Classification of Bacteria
- 2.1
  M07.02.02 Gram Staining and Gram Classification
- 2.2
  M07.02.03 Taxonomic Classification of Bacteria
- 2.3
  M07.02.04 Phylogenetic Classification of Bacteria
- 2.4
  M07.02.05 Molecular Techniques in Bacterial Classification
- 2.5
  M07.02.06 Bacterial Nomenclature and Taxonomy
- 2.6
  M07.02.07 Culture-Based Identification Methods
- 2.7
  M07.02.08 Molecular-Based Identification Methods
- 2.8
  M07.02.09 Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria
- 2.9
  M07.02.10 Ecological Classification of Bacteria
M07.03 Structure and Function of Bacterial Cells
Bacterial cells exhibit unique structural features and functional characteristics that play crucial roles in their survival, growth, and interactions with their environment. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial cells is fundamental to comprehending their physiology, pathogenicity, and responses to antimicrobial agents.
8
- 3.0
  M07.03.01 Bacterial Cell Envelope
- 3.1
  M07.03.02 Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms
- 3.2
  M07.03.03 Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis and Function
- 3.3
  M07.03.04 Bacterial Cytoplasm and Organelles
- 3.4
  M07.03.05 Bacterial Flagella and Motility
- 3.5
  M07.03.06 Bacterial Pili and Adhesion
- 3.6
  M07.03.07 Bacterial Endospores
- 3.7
  M07.03.08 Bacterial Cell Division and Growth
M07.04 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
Bacterial Growth and Metabolism explores the processes by which bacteria grow, reproduce, and metabolize nutrients. This topic covers the fundamental principles of bacterial physiology, including growth phases, metabolic pathways, and environmental factors affecting bacterial activities.
9
- 4.0
  M07.04.01 Bacterial Growth Curve
- 4.1
  M07.04.02 Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria
- 4.2
  M07.04.03 Bacterial Metabolic Pathways
- 4.3
  M07.04.04 Regulation of Bacterial Metabolism
- 4.4
  M07.04.05 Growth Factors and Growth Conditions
- 4.5
  M07.04.06 Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing
- 4.6
  M07.04.07 Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Adaptation
- 4.7
  M07.04.08 Environmental Impact of Bacterial Growth
- 4.8
  M07.04.09 Industrial Applications of Bacterial Metabolism
M07.05 Bacterial Genetics
Bacterial genetics elucidates the mechanisms underlying heredity, gene expression, and genetic variation in bacteria. Understanding bacterial genetics is essential for studying microbial evolution, pathogenesis, and antibiotic resistance. This section explores the principles of bacterial genetics, gene regulation, and horizontal gene transfer.
10
- 5.0
  M07.05.01 Bacterial Chromosome Structure and Organization
- 5.1
  M07.05.02 DNA Replication in Bacteria
- 5.2
  M07.05.03 Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
- 5.3
  M07.05.04 Mutations and Mutagenesis in Bacteria
- 5.4
  M07.05.05 Bacterial Genetic Recombination
- 5.5
  M07.05.06 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
- 5.6
  M07.05.07 Bacterial Plasmids and Mobile Genetic Elements
- 5.7
  M07.05.08 Bacterial Gene Transfer Mechanisms
- 5.8
  M07.05.09 Transposable Elements in Bacteria
- 5.9
  M07.05.10 Bacterial Genome Evolution and Diversity
M07.06 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections
Understanding the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat bacterial diseases. This section examines the mechanisms by which bacteria colonize host tissues, evade immune defenses, and cause tissue damage, providing insights into the development and progression of bacterial infections.
10
- 6.0
  M07.06.01 Bacterial Adherence and Colonization
- 6.1
  M07.06.02 Bacterial Invasion and Intracellular Survival
- 6.2
  M07.06.03 Bacterial Toxins and Virulence Factors
- 6.3
  M07.06.04 Host-Pathogen Interactions in Bacterial Infections
- 6.4
  M07.06.05 Bacterial Evasion of Host Immune Responses
- 6.5
  M07.06.06 Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Persistence
- 6.6
  M07.06.07 Bacterial Host Adaptation and Tissue Tropism
- 6.7
  M07.06.08 Bacterial Transmission and Spread
- 6.8
  M07.06.09 Bacterial Pathogenesis in Specific Infection Models
- 6.9
  M07.06.10 Bacterial Factors Influencing Disease Severity
M07.07 Antibiotics and Mechanisms of Resistance
Understanding antibiotics and mechanisms of resistance is paramount in combating bacterial infections effectively. This section delves into the diverse classes of antibiotics, their modes of action, and the molecular mechanisms bacteria employ to develop resistance against these life-saving drugs.
10
- 7.0
  M07.07.01 Overview of Antibiotics and Their Classification
  30 Minutes
- 7.1
  M07.07.02 Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action
  30 Minutes
- 7.2
  M07.07.03 Beta-lactam Antibiotics and Resistance Mechanisms
- 7.3
  M07.07.04 Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Aminoglycosides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
- 7.4
  M07.07.05 Quinolones, Sulfonamides, and Trimethoprim: Mode of Action and Resistance
- 7.5
  M07.07.06 Efflux Pumps and Antibiotic Resistance
- 7.6
  M07.07.07 Antibiotic Modification and Inactivation
- 7.7
  M07.07.08 Antibiotic Target Alteration
- 7.8
  M07.07.09 Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Horizontal Gene Transfer
- 7.9
  M07.07.10 Multidrug Resistance and Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Threats
M07.08 Clinical Bacteriology: Gram-Positive Cocci
Clinical bacteriology of gram-positive cocci focuses on identifying and characterizing bacterial infections caused by this group of bacteria. Understanding their pathogenicity, antibiotic susceptibility, and clinical significance is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
7
- 8.0
  M07.08.01 Staphylococcus aureus Infections
- 8.1
  M07.08.02 Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Infections
- 8.2
  M07.08.03 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) Infections
- 8.3
  M07.08.04 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) Infections
- 8.4
  M07.08.05 Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections
- 8.5
  M07.08.06 Enterococcus spp. Infections
- 8.6
  M07.08.07 Other Gram-Positive Cocci: Viridans Streptococci, Peptostreptococcus spp., etc.
M07.09 Clinical Bacteriology: Gram-Negative Cocci
Clinical bacteriology of gram-negative cocci focuses on diagnosing and managing infections caused by this bacterial group. Understanding their pathogenic mechanisms, antibiotic resistance, and clinical manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of bacterial infections.
6
- 9.0
  M07.09.01 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections
- 9.1
  M07.09.02 Neisseria meningitidis Infections
- 9.2
  M07.09.03 Moraxella catarrhalis Infections
- 9.3
  M07.09.04 Acinetobacter spp. Infections
- 9.4
  M07.09.05 Kingella spp. Infections
- 9.5
  M07.09.06 Other Gram-Negative Cocci: Veillonella spp., Capnocytophaga spp., etc.
M07.10 Clinical Bacteriology: Gram-Positive Bacilli
Clinical bacteriology of gram-positive bacilli involves the study of bacterial infections caused by this group of rod-shaped bacteria. Understanding their pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatment options is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management of bacterial diseases.
8
- 10.0
  M07.10.01 Bacillus anthracis Infections
- 10.1
  M07.10.02 Clostridium difficile Infections
- 10.2
  M07.10.03 Clostridium perfringens Infections
- 10.3
  M07.10.04 Clostridium tetani Infections
- 10.4
  M07.10.05 Listeria monocytogenes Infections
- 10.5
  M07.10.06 Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infections
- 10.6
  M07.10.07 Corynebacterium jeikeium Infections
- 10.7
  M07.10.08 Other Gram-Positive Bacilli: Lactobacillus spp., Propionibacterium spp., etc.
M07.11 Clinical Bacteriology: Gram-Negative Bacilli
Clinical bacteriology of gram-negative bacilli focuses on the diagnosis and management of infections caused by this diverse group of rod-shaped bacteria. Understanding their virulence factors, antibiotic resistance profiles, and clinical presentations is crucial for effective treatment strategies and patient care.
11
- 11.0
  M07.11.01 Escherichia coli Infections
- 11.1
  M07.11.02 Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
- 11.2
  M07.11.03 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
- 11.3
  M07.11.04 Proteus mirabilis Infections
- 11.4
  M07.11.05 Enterobacter spp. Infections
- 11.5
  M07.11.06 Acinetobacter baumannii Infections
- 11.6
  M07.11.07 Haemophilus influenzae Infections
- 11.7
  M07.11.08 Salmonella spp. Infections
- 11.8
  M07.11.09 Shigella spp. Infections
- 11.9
  M07.11.10 Yersinia spp. Infections
- 11.10
  M07.11.11 Other Gram-Negative Bacilli: Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., etc.
M07.12 Clinical Bacteriology: Anaerobes
Clinical bacteriology of anaerobes involves the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by bacteria that thrive in oxygen-deprived environments. Understanding the unique characteristics of anaerobic bacteria, their pathogenicity, and treatment options is essential for managing anaerobic infections effectively.
8
- 12.0
  M07.12.01 Bacteroides fragilis Group Infections
- 12.1
  M07.12.02 Clostridium perfringens Infections
- 12.2
  M07.12.03 Clostridium difficile Infections
- 12.3
  M07.12.04 Peptostreptococcus spp. Infections
- 12.4
  M07.12.05 Fusobacterium spp. Infections
- 12.5
  M07.12.06 Prevotella spp. Infections
- 12.6
  M07.12.07 Propionibacterium spp. Infections
- 12.7
  M07.12.08 Other Anaerobic Bacterial Infections: Actinomyces spp., Veillonella spp., etc.
M07.13 Clinical Bacteriology: Spirochetes
Clinical bacteriology of spirochetes involves the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by spiral-shaped bacteria. Understanding the unique characteristics of spirochetes, their pathogenicity, and treatment options is essential for managing spirochetal infections effectively.
5
- 13.0
  M07.13.01 Treponema pallidum Infections (Syphilis)
- 13.1
  M07.13.02 Borrelia burgdorferi Infections (Lyme Disease)
- 13.2
  M07.13.03 Leptospira spp. Infections (Leptospirosis)
- 13.3
  M07.13.04 Brachyspira spp. Infections
- 13.4
  M07.13.05 Other Spirochetal Infections: Treponema pertenue (Yaws), Treponema carateum (Pinta), etc.
M07.14 Mycobacteria
Clinical bacteriology of mycobacteria involves the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. Understanding the unique characteristics of mycobacteria, their pathogenicity, and treatment options is essential for managing mycobacterial infections effectively.
8
- 14.0
  M07.14.01 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections (Tuberculosis)
- 14.1
  M07.14.02 Mycobacterium leprae Infections (Leprosy)
- 14.2
  M07.14.03 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections (NTM)
- 14.3
  M07.14.04 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Infections
- 14.4
  M07.14.05 Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections
- 14.5
  M07.14.06 Mycobacterium kansasii Infections
- 14.6
  M07.14.07 Mycobacterium chelonae Infections
- 14.7
  M07.14.08 Other Mycobacterial Infections: Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans, etc.
M07.15 Classification of Viruses
The classification of viruses is a systematic approach to categorize viruses based on their genetic material, replication strategies, morphology, and other characteristics. Understanding viral classification provides insights into viral evolution, pathogenesis, and the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines.
8
- 15.1
  M07.15.01 Baltimore Classification System
- 15.2
  M07.15.02 Classification Based on Genome Type (DNA or RNA)
- 15.3
  M07.15.03 Classification Based on Morphology (Enveloped or Non-enveloped)
- 15.4
  M07.15.04 Classification Based on Replication Strategy (Lytic or Lysogenic)
- 15.5
  M07.15.05 Classification Based on Host Range (Human, Animal, Plant)
- 15.6
  M07.15.06 Classification Based on Disease Caused (Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Neurotropic, etc.)
- 15.7
  M07.15.07 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Classification
- 15.8
  M07.15.08 Emerging Viruses and Reassortment Events
M07.16 Structure and Replication of Viruses
9
- 16.0
  M07.16.01 Viral Structure: Capsid, Envelope, and Genome
- 16.1
  M07.16.02 Viral Attachment and Entry into Host Cells
- 16.2
  M07.16.03 Viral Genome Replication
- 16.3
  M07.16.04 Viral Protein Synthesis and Assembly
- 16.4
  M07.16.05 Viral Maturation and Release
- 16.5
  M07.16.06 Viral Latency and Persistence
- 16.6
  M07.16.07 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
- 16.7
  M07.16.08 Host-Virus Interactions and Immune Evasion
- 16.8
  M07.16.09 Antiviral Therapies and Vaccines
M07.17 Viral Pathogenesis
Viral pathogenesis elucidates the mechanisms by which viruses cause disease, encompassing viral entry, replication, spread, and host immune responses. This section explores the complex interplay between viruses and host factors that determine the outcome of viral infections and the development of clinical manifestations.
9
- 17.0
  M07.17.01 Viral Entry into Host Cells
- 17.1
  M07.17.02 Viral Tropism and Host Range
- 17.2
  M07.17.03 Intracellular Viral Replication
- 17.3
  M07.17.04 Host Immune Response to Viral Infections
- 17.4
  M07.17.05 Acute vs. Persistent Viral Infections
- 17.5
  M07.17.06 Viral Evasion of Host Immune Defenses
- 17.6
  M07.17.07 Viral Factors Contributing to Pathogenesis
- 17.7
  M07.17.08 Host Factors Influencing Disease Severity
- 17.8
  M07.17.09 Immunopathogenesis of Viral Infections
M07.18 Antiviral Agents
Antiviral agents are pharmaceutical compounds designed to inhibit the replication of viruses or prevent viral entry into host cells. This section explores the diverse classes of antiviral drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their clinical applications in the treatment and prevention of viral infections.
9
- 18.0
  M07.18.01 Mechanisms of Antiviral Action
- 18.1
  M07.18.02 Antiviral Drug Classes: Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues, Protease Inhibitors, Polymerase Inhibitors, etc.
- 18.2
  M07.18.03 Antiviral Resistance and Cross-Resistance
- 18.3
  M07.18.04 Development of Antiviral Therapies
- 18.4
  M07.18.05 Clinical Applications of Antiviral Agents
- 18.5
  M07.18.06 Combination Antiviral Therapy
- 18.6
  M07.18.07 Prophylactic Use of Antiviral Agents
- 18.7
  M07.18.08 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
- 18.8
  M07.18.09 Emerging Antiviral Strategies: RNA Interference, Monoclonal Antibodies, etc.
M07.19 Clinical Virology: DNA Viruses
Clinical virology of DNA viruses involves the diagnosis, management, and prevention of infections caused by viruses with a DNA genome. This section explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis of DNA viral infections.
8
- 19.0
  M07.19.01 Herpesviridae Family: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), etc.
- 19.1
  M07.19.02 Papillomaviridae Family: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- 19.2
  M07.19.03 Polyomaviridae Family: BK Virus (BKV), JC Virus (JCV)
- 19.3
  M07.19.04 Adenoviridae Family: Adenovirus
- 19.4
  M07.19.05 Poxviridae Family: Variola Virus (Smallpox), Vaccinia Virus
- 19.5
  M07.19.06 Hepadnaviridae Family: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- 19.6
  M07.19.07 Parvoviridae Family: Parvovirus B19
- 19.7
  M07.19.08 Other DNA Viruses: Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), etc.
M07.20 Clinical Virology: RNA Viruses
Clinical virology of RNA viruses focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections caused by viruses with an RNA genome. This section explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis of RNA viral infections.
14
- 20.0
  M07.20.01 Picornaviridae Family: Enteroviruses, Rhinoviruses, Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
- 20.1
  M07.20.02 Caliciviridae Family: Norovirus, Sapovirus
- 20.2
  M07.20.03 Flaviviridae Family: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Dengue Virus, Zika Virus, West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever Virus
- 20.3
  M07.20.04 Togaviridae Family: Rubella Virus, Alphaviruses (e.g., Chikungunya Virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus)
- 20.4
  M07.20.05 Coronaviridae Family: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Human Coronaviruses (e.g., HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43)
- 20.5
  M07.20.06 Orthomyxoviridae Family: Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus
- 20.6
  M07.20.07 Paramyxoviridae Family: Measles Virus, Mumps Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Parainfluenza Viruses
- 20.7
  M07.20.08 Rhabdoviridae Family: Rabies Virus
- 20.8
  M07.20.09 Filoviridae Family: Ebola Virus, Marburg Virus
- 20.9
  M07.20.10 Arenaviridae Family: Lassa Virus, Junin Virus
- 20.10
  M07.20.11 Bunyaviridae Family: Hantavirus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
- 20.11
  M07.20.12 Retroviridae Family: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
- 20.12
  M07.20.13 Reoviridae Family: Rotavirus
- 20.13
  M07.20.14 Other RNA Viruses: Nipah Virus, Hendra Virus, Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), etc.
M07.21 Retroviruses and HIV
Retroviruses are a unique group of RNA viruses capable of reverse transcription, converting their RNA genome into DNA upon infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a member of the retrovirus family, is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Understanding retroviral replication, pathogenesis, and treatment is crucial for managing HIV/AIDS and developing effective prevention strategies.
12
- 21.0
  M07.21.01 Retroviral Structure and Replication Cycle
- 21.1
  M07.21.02 HIV Epidemiology and Transmission
- 21.2
  M07.21.03 HIV Viral Life Cycle
- 21.3
  M07.21.04 HIV Pathogenesis and Immunopathology
- 21.4
  M07.21.05 Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
- 21.5
  M07.21.06 Diagnosis of HIV Infection
- 21.6
  M07.21.07 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS
- 21.7
  M07.21.08 Prevention of HIV Transmission
- 21.8
  M07.21.09 HIV Drug Resistance
- 21.9
  M07.21.10 HIV Vaccines and Immunotherapy
- 21.10
  M07.21.11 HIV/AIDS in Special Populations: Pediatrics, Pregnancy, Aging
- 21.11
  M07.21.12 Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic
M07.22 Emerging Viral Infections
Emerging viral infections represent a significant public health threat due to their unpredictable nature and potential for widespread transmission. This section explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of newly identified or re-emerging viral diseases.
7
- 22.0
  M07.22.01 Zoonotic Viral Diseases: Ebola Virus Disease, Marburg Virus Disease, Nipah Virus Infection, Hendra Virus Infection
- 22.1
  M07.22.02 Arboviral Diseases: Zika Virus Infection, Chikungunya Fever, Dengue Fever, West Nile Fever
- 22.2
  M07.22.03 Respiratory Viral Infections: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Avian Influenza
- 22.3
  M07.22.04 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Lassa Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever
- 22.4
  M07.22.05 Emerging Coronaviruses: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
- 22.5
  M07.22.06 Viral Pandemics: COVID-19 Pandemic, Response Strategies, Lessons Learned
- 22.6
  M07.22.07 One Health Approach to Emerging Viral Infections: Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Surveillance, and Prevention
M07.23 Classification of Fungi
The classification of fungi is a systematic approach to categorize fungi based on their morphological, physiological, and genetic characteristics. Understanding fungal classification provides insights into fungal diversity, ecology, pathogenicity, and antifungal susceptibility.
7
- 23.1
  M07.23.01 Classification Based on Morphology: Yeasts, Molds, Dimorphic Fungi
- 23.2
  M07.23.02 Classification Based on Reproductive Structures: Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes
- 23.3
  M07.23.03 Classification Based on Ecological Niches: Dermatophytes, Opportunistic Pathogens, Environmental Fungi
- 23.4
  M07.23.04 Classification Based on Disease Manifestations: Superficial, Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic Mycoses
- 23.5
  M07.23.05 Classification Based on Antifungal Susceptibility: Susceptible, Resistant, Multidrug-resistant Fungi
- 23.6
  M07.23.06 Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analysis
- 23.7
  M07.23.07 International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) Classification Guidelines
M07.24 Structure and Function of Fungal Cells
The structure and function of fungal cells are fundamental to understanding fungal biology, ecology, and pathogenesis. This section explores the diverse cellular components of fungi and their roles in fungal growth, reproduction, and interactions with the environment and host organisms.
8
- 24.0
  M07.24.01 Fungal Cell Wall: Composition, Structure, and Function
- 24.1
  M07.24.02 Fungal Plasma Membrane: Lipid Bilayer, Membrane Proteins, Transport Processes
- 24.2
  M07.24.03 Fungal Cytoplasm: Organelles, Cytoskeleton, Endomembrane System
- 24.3
  M07.24.04 Fungal Nucleus: Genetic Material, Chromatin Structure, Transcription, and Replication
- 24.4
  M07.24.05 Fungal Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- 24.5
  M07.24.06 Fungal Mitochondria: Energy Production, Metabolism, and Signaling
- 24.6
  M07.24.07 Fungal Vacuole: Storage, Transport, and Homeostasis
- 24.7
  M07.24.08 Fungal Spores: Formation, Dispersal, and Germination
M07.25 Fungal Pathogenesis
Fungal pathogenesis elucidates the mechanisms by which fungi cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. This section delves into the complex interactions between fungal pathogens and their hosts, including fungal virulence factors, host immune responses, and environmental factors influencing fungal colonization and infection.
9
- 25.0
  M07.25.01 Fungal Adherence and Colonization
- 25.1
  M07.25.02 Fungal Invasion and Tissue Damage
- 25.2
  M07.25.03 Fungal Toxins and Secreted Factors
- 25.3
  M07.25.04 Host Immune Response to Fungal Infections
- 25.4
  M07.25.05 Immunopathology of Fungal Diseases
- 25.5
  M07.25.06 Fungal Evasion of Host Defenses
- 25.6
  M07.25.07 Fungal Biofilms and Chronic Infections
- 25.7
  M07.25.08 Environmental Factors Influencing Fungal Pathogenesis
- 25.8
  M07.25.09 Genetic Determinants of Fungal Virulence
M07.26 Antifungal Agents
Antifungal agents are pharmacological compounds used to treat fungal infections by inhibiting the growth or killing fungal pathogens. This section explores the diverse classes of antifungal drugs, their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, resistance mechanisms, and clinical applications in the management of fungal infections.
10
- 26.0
  M07.26.01 Mechanisms of Antifungal Action
- 26.1
  M07.26.02 Antifungal Drug Classes: Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes, Allylamines, etc.
- 26.2
  M07.26.03 Spectrum of Activity and Clinical Applications
- 26.3
  M07.26.04 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungal Agents
- 26.4
  M07.26.05 Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms
- 26.5
  M07.26.06 Combination Antifungal Therapy
- 26.6
  M07.26.07 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
- 26.7
  M07.26.08 Antifungal Prophylaxis in High-Risk Patients
- 26.8
  M07.26.09 Antifungal Stewardship and Rational Drug Use
- 26.9
  M07.26.10 Emerging Antifungal Therapies: Novel Agents, Immunotherapies
M07.27 Clinical Mycology: Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
Clinical mycology of superficial and cutaneous mycoses focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities for superficial and cutaneous fungal diseases.
7
- 27.0
  M07.27.01 Dermatophytosis: Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, Tinea Pedis, Tinea Capitis
- 27.1
  M07.27.02 Candidiasis: Cutaneous Candidiasis, Intertrigo, Diaper Dermatitis
- 27.2
  M07.27.03 Malassezia Infections: Pityriasis Versicolor, Seborrheic Dermatitis
- 27.3
  M07.27.04 Superficial Mycoses: Tinea Versicolor, Black Piedra, White Piedra
- 27.4
  M07.27.05 Diagnosis of Superficial and Cutaneous Fungal Infections: Clinical Examination, Microscopy, Culture, Molecular Methods
- 27.5
  M07.27.06 Topical and Systemic Antifungal Therapy
- 27.6
  M07.27.07 Prevention and Control Strategies for Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses
M07.28 Clinical Mycology: Subcutaneous Mycoses
Clinical mycology of subcutaneous mycoses focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of fungal infections that involve the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and adjacent structures. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities for subcutaneous fungal diseases.
7
- 28.0
  M07.28.01 Sporotrichosis: Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis, Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis
- 28.1
  M07.28.02 Chromoblastomycosis: Fonsecaea spp., Cladophialophora spp., Phialophora spp.
- 28.2
  M07.28.03 Mycetoma: Eumycetoma, Actinomycetoma
- 28.3
  M07.28.04 Diagnosis of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections: Clinical Examination, Histopathology, Culture, Molecular Methods
- 28.4
  M07.28.05 Antifungal Therapy for Subcutaneous Mycoses
- 28.5
  M07.28.06 Surgical Management and Adjunctive Therapies
- 28.6
  M07.28.07 Prevention and Control Strategies
M07.29 Clinical Mycology: Systemic Mycoses
Clinical mycology of systemic mycoses encompasses the diagnosis, management, and prevention of fungal infections that primarily affect internal organs and can disseminate throughout the body. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for systemic fungal diseases.
12
- 29.0
  M07.29.01 Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma capsulatum Infections
- 29.1
  M07.29.02 Coccidioidomycosis: Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii Infections
- 29.2
  M07.29.03 Blastomycosis: Blastomyces dermatitidis Infections
- 29.3
  M07.29.04 Paracoccidioidomycosis: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paracoccidioides lutzii Infections
- 29.4
  M07.29.05 Cryptococcosis: Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii Infections
- 29.5
  M07.29.06 Aspergillosis: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus Infections
- 29.6
  M07.29.07 Candidiasis: Invasive Candidiasis, Candidemia
- 29.7
  M07.29.08 Mucormycosis: Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Lichtheimia spp. Infections
- 29.8
  M07.29.09 Diagnosis of Systemic Fungal Infections: Clinical Presentation, Imaging Studies, Microbiological and Molecular Methods
- 29.9
  M07.29.10 Antifungal Therapy for Systemic Mycoses: Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes, etc.
- 29.10
  M07.29.11 Adjunctive Therapies and Supportive Care
- 29.11
  M07.29.12 Prevention and Control Strategies
M07.30 Clinical Mycology: Opportunistic Mycoses
Clinical mycology of opportunistic mycoses focuses on fungal infections that primarily affect immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, transplant recipients, and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for opportunistic fungal diseases.
11
- 30.0
  M07.30.01 Candidiasis: Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (Thrush), Esophageal Candidiasis, Invasive Candidiasis
- 30.1
  M07.30.02 Aspergillosis: Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Aspergillus Sinusitis, Disseminated Aspergillosis
- 30.2
  M07.30.03 Cryptococcosis: Cryptococcal Meningitis, Disseminated Cryptococcosis
- 30.3
  M07.30.04 Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP): Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection
- 30.4
  M07.30.05 Mucormycosis: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis, Pulmonary Mucormycosis, Disseminated Mucormycosis
- 30.5
  M07.30.06 Fusariosis: Cutaneous Fusariosis, Disseminated Fusariosis
- 30.6
  M07.30.07 Trichosporonosis: Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon mucoides Infections
- 30.7
  M07.30.08 Diagnosis of Opportunistic Fungal Infections: Clinical Presentation, Imaging Studies, Microbiological and Molecular Methods
- 30.8
  M07.30.09 Antifungal Therapy for Opportunistic Mycoses: Azoles, Echinocandins, Amphotericin B, etc.
- 30.9
  M07.30.10 Management of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
- 30.10
  M07.30.11 Prophylaxis and Empirical Antifungal Therapy in High-Risk Patients
M07.31 Classification of Parasites
The classification of parasites involves categorizing these organisms based on various characteristics such as morphology, life cycle, host specificity, and genetic relatedness. This system enables scientists and healthcare professionals to understand the diversity of parasites, their relationships with hosts, and the mechanisms of parasitic infections.
6
- 31.0
  M07.31.01 Classification Based on Morphology: Protozoa, Helminths (Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes)
- 31.1
  M07.31.02 Classification Based on Life Cycle: Direct Life Cycle, Indirect Life Cycle
- 31.2
  M07.31.03 Classification Based on Host Specificity: Human Parasites, Zoonotic Parasites, Host-Generalist vs. Host-Specialist Parasites
- 31.3
  M07.31.04 Taxonomic Classification: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- 31.4
  M07.31.05 Molecular Classification and Phylogenetic Analysis
- 31.5
  M07.31.06 Classification Systems: Traditional Taxonomy, Molecular Taxonomy
M07.32 Protozoa: Structure, Life Cycle, and Pathogenesis
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Understanding their structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and preventing protozoan infections.
6
- 32.0
  M07.32.01 Protozoan Structure: Morphology, Organelles, Cellular Components
- 32.1
  M07.32.02 Protozoan Life Cycle: Cysts, Trophozoites, Intermediate Hosts, Definitive Hosts
- 32.2
  M07.32.03 Protozoan Pathogenesis: Adherence, Invasion, Replication, Host Immune Response
- 32.3
  M07.32.04 Mechanisms of Protozoan Virulence: Toxins, Adhesins, Immune Evasion Strategies
- 32.4
  M07.32.05 Host-Protozoan Interactions: Immunopathology, Disease Manifestations
- 32.5
  M07.32.06 Protozoan Adaptations to Host Environment
M07.33 Helminths: Structure, Life Cycle, and Pathogenesis
Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms that infect humans and animals, causing a wide range of diseases. Understanding their structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis is essential for diagnosing, treating, and preventing helminthic infections.
6
- 33.0
  M07.33.01 Helminth Structure: Morphology, Body Plan, Tissues, Organs
- 33.1
  M07.33.02 Helminth Life Cycle: Eggs, Larvae, Adults, Intermediate Hosts, Definitive Hosts
- 33.2
  M07.33.03 Helminth Pathogenesis: Tissue Migration, Host Immune Response, Nutrient Competition, Toxic Metabolites
- 33.3
  M07.33.04 Mechanisms of Helminth Virulence: Antigenic Variation, Immune Modulation, Tissue Destruction
- 33.4
  M07.33.05 Host-Helminth Interactions: Immunopathology, Allergic Reactions, Chronic Inflammation
- 33.5
  M07.33.06 Helminth Adaptations to Host Environment
M07.34 Ectoparasites: Structure, Life Cycle, and Pathogenesis
Ectoparasites are organisms that live on the external surface of a host and feed on its blood or tissue fluids. Understanding their structure, life cycle, and pathogenesis is vital for diagnosing, treating, and preventing ectoparasitic infestations.
6
- 34.0
  M07.34.01 Ectoparasite Structure and Morphology
- 34.1
  M07.34.02 Ectoparasite Life Cycle: Eggs, Larvae, Nymphs, Adults
- 34.2
  M07.34.03 Pathogenesis of Ectoparasitic Infestations
- 34.3
  M07.34.04 Host-Ectoparasite Interactions and Immune Response
- 34.4
  M07.34.05 Clinical Manifestations of Ectoparasitic Infestations
- 34.5
  M07.34.06 Diagnosis and Treatment of Ectoparasitic Infestations
M07.35 Antiparasitic Agents
Antiparasitic agents are medications used to treat infections caused by various parasites, including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Understanding the mechanisms of action, indications, and adverse effects of these agents is crucial for effectively managing parasitic infections.
8
- 35.0
  M07.35.01 Antiprotozoal Agents: Mechanisms of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Clinical Applications
- 35.1
  M07.35.02 Anthelmintic Agents: Mechanisms of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Clinical Applications
- 35.2
  M07.35.03 Ectoparasiticides: Mechanisms of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Clinical Applications
- 35.3
  M07.35.04 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antiparasitic Agents
- 35.4
  M07.35.05 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
- 35.5
  M07.35.06 Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents
- 35.6
  M07.35.07 Antiparasitic Therapy in Special Populations: Pregnant Women, Pediatric Patients, Immunocompromised Individuals
- 35.7
  M07.35.08 Antiparasitic Prophylaxis and Public Health Measures
M07.36 Clinical Parasitology: Intestinal Protozoa
Clinical parasitology of intestinal protozoa focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of infections caused by protozoan parasites that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for intestinal protozoal infections.
10
- 36.0
  M07.36.01 Giardiasis: Giardia lamblia Infection
- 36.1
  M07.36.02 Amebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica Infection
- 36.2
  M07.36.03 Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidium spp. Infection
- 36.3
  M07.36.04 Cyclosporiasis: Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection
- 36.4
  M07.36.05 Blastocystosis: Blastocystis hominis Infection
- 36.5
  M07.36.06 Dientamoebiasis: Dientamoeba fragilis Infection
- 36.6
  M07.36.07 Clinical Manifestations of Intestinal Protozoal Infections
- 36.7
  M07.36.08 Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoal Infections: Stool Examination, Antigen Detection, Molecular Methods
- 36.8
  M07.36.09 Treatment of Intestinal Protozoal Infections
- 36.9
  M07.36.10 Prevention and Control Strategies
M07.37 Clinical Parasitology: Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Clinical parasitology of blood and tissue protozoa encompasses the diagnosis, management, and prevention of infections caused by protozoan parasites that primarily affect the bloodstream or various tissues. This section explores the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for blood and tissue protozoal infections.
9
- 37.0
  M07.37.01 Malaria: Plasmodium spp. Infections
- 37.1
  M07.37.02 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness): Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Infections
- 37.2
  M07.37.03 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease): Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
- 37.3
  M07.37.04 Leishmaniasis: Leishmania spp. Infections
- 37.4
  M07.37.05 Babesiosis: Babesia spp. Infections
- 37.5
  M07.37.06 Clinical Manifestations of Blood and Tissue Protozoal Infections
- 37.6
  M07.37.07 Diagnosis of Blood and Tissue Protozoal Infections: Microscopy, Serology, Molecular Methods
- 37.7
  M07.37.08 Treatment of Blood and Tissue Protozoal Infections
- 37.8
  M07.37.09 Prevention and Control Strategies
M07.38 Clinical Parasitology: Nematodes
Clinical parasitology of nematodes involves the study of infections caused by parasitic roundworms, which can affect various organs and tissues in humans and animals. This section delves into the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities for nematode infections.
11
- 38.0
  M07.38.01 Ascariasis
- 38.1
  M07.38.02 Trichuriasis
- 38.2
  M07.38.03 Hookworm Infections: Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
- 38.3
  M07.38.04 Strongyloidiasis
- 38.4
  M07.38.05 Enterobiasis
- 38.5
  M07.38.06 Filariasis
- 38.6
  M07.38.07 Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
- 38.7
  M07.38.08 Clinical Manifestations of Nematode Infections
- 38.8
  M07.38.09 Diagnosis of Nematode Infections: Stool Examination, Serology, Molecular Methods
- 38.9
  M07.38.10 Treatment of Nematode Infections
- 38.10
  M07.38.11 Prevention and Control Strategies
M07.39 Clinical Parasitology: Cestodes
Clinical Parasitology: Cestodes focuses on the medical significance of tapeworms, a type of parasitic flatworm. Understanding cestodes is crucial for diagnosing and treating infections caused by these parasites. This module covers their biology, life cycles, transmission, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment protocols, and prevention strategies.
9
- 39.0
  M07.39.01 Introduction to Cestodes
- 39.1
  M07.39.02 Life Cycles of Cestodes
- 39.2
  M07.39.03 Transmission and Infection Routes
- 39.3
  M07.39.04 Clinical Symptoms and Pathogenesis
- 39.4
  M07.39.05 Diagnostic Methods for Cestode Infections
- 39.5
  M07.39.06 Treatment Options and Management
- 39.6
  M07.39.08 Prevention and Control Measures
- 39.7
  M07.39.09 Zoonotic Cestodes and Public Health
- 39.8
  M07.39.10 Advances in Cestode Research and Therapeutics
M07.40 Clinical Parasitology: Trematodes
Clinical Parasitology: Trematodes examines the study of flukes, their complex life cycles, transmission methods, and the clinical impact of trematode infections. This topic covers the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases caused by trematodes, providing essential knowledge for medical students in managing these parasitic infections.
7
- 40.0
  M07.39.01 Introduction to Trematodes
- 40.1
  M07.39.02 Fasciola hepatica
- 40.2
  M07.39.03 Schistosoma spp.
- 40.3
  M07.39.04 Clonorchis sinensis
- 40.4
  M07.39.05 Paragonimus westermani
- 40.5
  M07.39.06 Opisthorchis viverrini
- 40.6
  M07.39.07 Emerging Trematodes and Research
M07.41 Innate and Adaptive Immunity
M07.41 Innate and Adaptive Immunity explores the two primary branches of the immune system. This topic covers the components, mechanisms, and interactions of innate and adaptive immunity, providing a foundational understanding of how the body defends itself against pathogens.
7
- 41.0
  M07.41.01 Introduction to the Immune System
- 41.1
  M07.41.02 Innate Immunity
- 41.2
  M07.41.03 Adaptive Immunity
- 41.3
  M07.41.04 Interactions Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- 41.4
  M07.41.05 Disorders of the Immune System
- 41.5
  M07.41.06 Immunotherapy and Clinical Applications
- 41.6
  M07.41.07 Emerging Research in Immunology
M07.42 Immune Responses to Infections
M07.42 Immune Responses to Infections covers the mechanisms by which the immune system detects and combats pathogenic microorganisms. This topic includes innate and adaptive immune responses, the roles of various immune cells, and the interplay between host defenses and microbial strategies to evade them, crucial for understanding disease pathology and developing treatments.
10
- 42.0
  M07.42.01 Introduction to Immune Responses
- 42.1
  M07.42.02 Innate Immune Responses
- 42.2
  M07.42.03 Adaptive Immune Responses
- 42.3
  M07.42.04 Immune Responses to Bacterial Infections
- 42.4
  M07.42.05 Immune Responses to Viral Infections
- 42.5
  M07.42.06 Immune Responses to Parasitic Infections
- 42.6
  M07.42.07 Immune Responses to Fungal Infections
- 42.7
  M07.42.08 Immunopathology
- 42.8
  M07.42.09 Vaccination and Immune Memory
- 42.9
  M07.42.10 Emerging Research and Advances
M07.43 Vaccines and Immunization
M07.43 Vaccines and Immunization focuses on the principles, development, and implementation of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. This topic covers the immunological basis of vaccination, types of vaccines, vaccination schedules, and the public health impact of immunization programs.
10
- 43.0
  M07.43.01 Introduction to Vaccines and Immunization
- 43.1
  M07.43.02 Immunological Basis of Vaccination
- 43.2
  M07.43.03 Types of Vaccines
- 43.3
  M07.43.04 Vaccine Development and Approval
- 43.4
  M07.43.05 Vaccination Schedules and Recommendations
- 43.5
  M07.43.06 Public Health Impact of Vaccination
- 43.6
  M07.43.07 Vaccine Safety and Adverse Events
- 43.7
  M07.43.08 Vaccine Hesitancy and Communication Strategies
- 43.8
  M07.43.09 Global Vaccination Initiatives
- 43.9
  M07.43.10 Emerging Vaccines and Future Directions
M07.44 Diagnostic Immunology
Diagnostic Immunology explores the principles and techniques used in immunological diagnostics to identify diseases, monitor immune responses, and assess therapeutic interventions. This topic encompasses a range of laboratory methods and technologies essential for medical diagnosis and research in immunology.
15
- 44.0
  M07.44.01 Basic Principles of Immunodiagnostics
- 44.1
  M07.44.02 Serological Tests
- 44.2
  M07.44.03 Immunofluorescence Assays
- 44.3
  M07.44.04 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- 44.4
  M07.44.05 Western Blotting
- 44.5
  M07.44.06 Flow Cytometry
- 44.6
  M07.44.07 Immunohistochemistry
- 44.7
  M07.44.08 Molecular Diagnostics in Immunology
- 44.8
  M07.44.09 Point-of-Care Testing
- 44.9
  M07.44.10 Autoimmune Diagnostics
- 44.10
  M07.44.11 Allergy Testing
- 44.11
  M07.44.12 Transplantation Immunology
- 44.12
  M07.44.13 Immunodeficiency Diagnostics
- 44.13
  M07.44.14 Emerging Technologies in Diagnostic Immunology
- 44.14
  M07.44.15 Quality Control and Assurance in Immunodiagnostics
M07.45 Specimen Collection and Handling
Specimen Collection and Handling is a critical aspect of laboratory medicine, ensuring the integrity and accuracy of diagnostic tests. This topic encompasses the proper techniques for collecting, transporting, and processing various types of specimens, essential for medical professionals to obtain reliable results for patient care.
17
- 45.0
  M07.45.01 Importance of Proper Specimen Collection
- 45.1
  M07.45.02 Specimen Identification and Labeling
- 45.2
  M07.45.03 Blood Specimen Collection
- 45.3
  M07.45.04 Urine Specimen Collection
- 45.4
  M07.45.05 Stool Specimen Collection
- 45.5
  M07.45.06 Sputum and Respiratory Specimen Collection
- 45.6
  M07.45.07 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Collection
- 45.7
  M07.45.08 Tissue Biopsy Collection
- 45.8
  M07.45.09 Wound Specimen Collection
- 45.9
  M07.45.10 Genital Specimen Collection (e.g., swabs, cervical specimens)
- 45.10
  M07.45.11 Transport and Storage Conditions
- 45.11
  M07.45.12 Quality Control Measures
- 45.12
  M07.45.13 Biosafety Precautions
- 45.13
  M07.45.14 Patient Education on Specimen Collection
- 45.14
  M07.45.15 Special Considerations for Pediatric and Geriatric Patients
- 45.15
  M07.45.13 Biosafety Precautions
- 45.16
  M07.45.16 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Specimen Collection
M07.46 Microscopy and Staining Techniques
Microscopy and Staining Techniques encompass the fundamental methods utilized in microbiology to visualize microorganisms and cellular structures. This topic introduces medical students to various microscopic techniques and staining methods crucial for identification, characterization, and research in the field of microbiology.
20
- 46.0
  M07.46.01 Introduction to Microscopy
- 46.1
  M07.46.02 Light Microscopy
- 46.2
  M07.46.07 Scanning Probe Microscopy
- 46.3
  M07.46.03 Electron Microscopy
- 46.4
  M07.46.04 Fluorescence Microscopy
- 46.5
  M07.46.05 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
- 46.6
  M07.46.06 Dark-Field Microscopy
- 46.7
  M07.46.08 Immunofluorescence
- 46.8
  M07.46.09 Confocal Microscopy
- 46.9
  M07.46.10 Staining Techniques
- 46.10
  M07.46.11 Simple Staining
- 46.11
  M07.46.12 Differential Staining
- 46.12
  M07.46.13 Gram Staining
- 46.13
  M07.46.14 Acid-Fast Staining
- 46.14
  M07.46.15 Spore Staining
- 46.15
  M07.46.16 Capsule Staining
- 46.16
  M07.46.17 Flagella Staining
- 46.17
  M07.46.18 Specialized Staining Techniques
- 46.18
  M07.46.19 Electron Microscopy Preparation
- 46.19
  M07.46.20 Microscopy Image Analysis
M07.47 Culture Methods
Culture Methods in microbiology serve as the cornerstone for isolating, identifying, and characterizing various microorganisms. This field encompasses a wide array of techniques tailored to cultivate bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes under controlled laboratory conditions. Understanding culture methods is essential for studying microbial physiology, ecology, and pathogenesis.
7
- 47.0
  M07.47.01 Introduction to Culture Methods
- 47.1
  M07.47.02 Bacterial Culture Techniques
- 47.2
  M07.47.03 Fungal Culture Techniques
- 47.3
  M07.47.04 Viral Culture Techniques
- 47.4
  M07.47.05 Culture Methods for Parasites
- 47.5
  M07.47.06 Specialized Culture Techniques
- 47.6
  M07.47.07 Quality Control in Microbial Culture
M07.48 Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques explores advanced methods in molecular biology for disease detection, diagnosis, and monitoring. This topic encompasses various molecular techniques, including PCR, DNA sequencing, and microarray analysis, revolutionizing clinical diagnostics and personalized medicine.
18
- 48.0
  M07.48.01 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- 48.1
  M07.48.02 Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
- 48.2
  M07.48.03 DNA Sequencing
- 48.3
  M07.48.04 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
- 48.4
  M07.48.05 Microarray Analysis
- 48.5
  M07.48.06 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
- 48.6
  M07.48.07 Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
- 48.7
  M07.48.08 Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR)
- 48.8
  M07.48.09 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
- 48.9
  M07.48.10 Mass Spectrometry-based Techniques
- 48.10
  M07.48.11 Biosensors and Nanotechnology in Molecular Diagnostics
- 48.11
  M07.48.12 Point-of-Care Molecular Testing
- 48.12
  M07.48.13 Applications in Infectious Diseases
- 48.13
  M07.48.14 Molecular Diagnostics in Oncology
- 48.14
  M07.48.15 Genetic Disorders and Molecular Testing
- 48.15
  M07.48.16 Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
- 48.16
  M07.48.17 Quality Control and Assurance in Molecular Diagnostics
- 48.17
  M07.48.18 Ethical and Legal Considerations
M07.49 Serological Testing
Serological Testing in Medical Diagnostics focuses on the application of serological assays to detect antibodies, antigens, or other substances in patient samples. This topic encompasses the principles, methodologies, interpretation, and clinical relevance of serological tests, providing crucial insights for medical practitioners in disease diagnosis and monitoring.
10
- 49.0
  M07.49.01 Principles of Serological Testing
- 49.1
  M07.49.02 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- 49.2
  M07.49.03 Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
- 49.3
  M07.49.04 Western Blotting
- 49.4
  M07.49.05 Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs)
- 49.5
  M07.49.06 Serological Markers in Infectious Diseases
- 49.6
  M07.49.07 Autoantibodies and Autoimmune Diseases
- 49.7
  M07.49.08 Serological Testing in Transplantation
- 49.8
  M07.49.09 Quality Control and Assurance in Serological Testing
- 49.9
  M07.49.10 Emerging Technologies and Trends in Serological Testing
M07.50 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is a critical component of microbiology laboratory diagnostics, providing essential information for guiding antibiotic therapy. Understanding AST methods, interpretation of results, and factors influencing susceptibility patterns are fundamental for clinicians in managing infectious diseases effectively.
7
- 50.0
  M07.50.01 Principles of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- 50.1
  M07.50.02 Antibiotic Classes and Testing Protocols
- 50.2
  M07.50.03 Interpretation of AST Results
- 50.3
  M07.50.04 Special Considerations in AST
- 50.4
  M07.50.05 Advanced AST Techniques
- 50.5
  M07.50.06 Quality Assurance and Regulatory Issues
- 50.6
  M07.50.07 Future Directions in AST
M07.51 Principles of Infection Control
Principles of Infection Control encompasses the fundamental strategies and protocols aimed at preventing and managing infections in healthcare settings. Understanding these principles is crucial for medical professionals to ensure patient safety, minimize the spread of infectious diseases, and maintain a sterile environment.
10
- 51.0
  M07.51.01 Microbiology of Infectious Diseases
- 51.1
  M07.51.02 Standard Precautions
- 51.2
  M07.51.03 Transmission-Based Precautions
- 51.3
  M07.51.04 Isolation Techniques
- 51.4
  M07.51.05 Sterilization and Disinfection
- 51.5
  M07.51.06 Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation
- 51.6
  M07.51.07 Immunization and Vaccination
- 51.7
  M07.51.08 Occupational Health and Safety
- 51.8
  M07.51.09 Regulatory Guidelines and Compliance
- 51.9
  M07.51.10 Emerging Infectious Diseases and Global Health
M07.52 Hospital-Acquired Infections
Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) represent a significant concern in healthcare settings, posing risks to patients and healthcare workers alike. Understanding the epidemiology, transmission routes, preventive measures, and management strategies is crucial for mitigating the impact of HAIs within hospitals.
20
- 52.0
  M07.52.01 Epidemiology of Hospital-Acquired Infections
- 52.1
  M07.52.02 Common Pathogens
- 52.2
  M07.52.03 Modes of Transmission
- 52.3
  M07.52.04 Risk Factors for HAIs
- 52.4
  M07.52.05 Prevention and Control Measures
- 52.5
  M07.52.06 Hand Hygiene Practices
- 52.6
  M07.52.07 Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection
- 52.7
  M07.52.08 Antimicrobial Stewardship
- 52.8
  M07.52.09 Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation
- 52.9
  M07.52.10 Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs)
- 52.10
  M07.52.11 Surgical Site Infections (SSIs)
- 52.11
  M07.52.12 Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs)
- 52.12
  M07.52.13 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
- 52.13
  M07.52.14 Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs)
- 52.14
  M07.52.15 Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI)
- 52.15
  M07.52.16 Emerging HAIs and Novel Pathogens
- 52.16
  M07.52.17 Management of HAIs
- 52.17
  M07.52.18 Education and Training for Healthcare Workers
- 52.18
  M07.52.19 Patient and Family Education
- 52.19
  M07.52.20 Quality Improvement Initiatives
M07.53 Sterilization and Disinfection
Sterilization and disinfection are critical processes in healthcare and various industries to prevent the spread of infections and ensure safety. Understanding the principles, methods, and applications of sterilization and disinfection is essential for medical professionals and practitioners in maintaining aseptic environments.
10
- 53.0
  M07.53.01 Principles of Sterilization and Disinfection
- 53.1
  M07.53.02 Microbial Susceptibility to Sterilization and Disinfection
- 53.2
  M07.53.03 Physical Methods of Sterilization
- 53.3
  M07.53.04 Chemical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection
- 53.4
  M07.53.05 Sterilization and Disinfection in Healthcare Settings
- 53.5
  M07.53.06 Sterilization and Disinfection in Food Industry
- 53.6
  M07.53.07 Sterilization and Disinfection in Pharmaceutical Industry
- 53.7
  M07.53.08 Sterilization and Disinfection in Laboratory Settings
- 53.8
  M07.53.09 Monitoring and Validation of Sterilization Processes
- 53.9
  M07.53.10 Emerging Technologies in Sterilization and Disinfection
M07.54 Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are vital strategies aimed at optimizing antimicrobial use to enhance patient outcomes while minimizing antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects. This topic explores the principles, implementation, and impact of ASPs in healthcare settings, crucial for medical students to understand in modern healthcare practice.
13
- 54.0
  M07.54.01 Introduction to Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs
- 54.1
  M07.54.02 Goals and Objectives of ASPs
- 54.2
  M07.54.03 Core Elements of ASPs
- 54.3
  M07.54.04 Importance of Multidisciplinary Teams
- 54.4
  M07.54.05 Antimicrobial Resistance and ASPs
- 54.5
  M07.54.06 Strategies for Antimicrobial Optimization
- 54.6
  M07.54.07 Diagnostic Stewardship
- 54.7
  M07.54.08 Education and Training Initiatives
- 54.8
  M07.54.09 Surveillance and Feedback Mechanisms
- 54.9
  M07.54.10 Implementation Challenges and Solutions
- 54.10
  M07.54.11 Economic Considerations and Cost-effectiveness
- 54.11
  M07.54.12 Outcomes and Impact Assessment
- 54.12
  M07.54.13 Future Directions in ASPs
M07.55 Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections
Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections explores the complex interplay of factors leading to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. This topic critically evaluates the various environmental, social, biological, and ecological elements influencing the dynamics of emerging infections, providing essential insights for understanding and addressing these global health challenges.
5
- 55.0
  M07.55.01 Environmental Factors
- 55.1
  M07.55.02 Social and Behavioral Factors
- 55.2
  M07.55.03 Biological Factors
- 55.3
  M07.55.04 Ecological Factors
- 55.4
  M07.55.05 Technological and Epidemiological Factors
M07.56 Case Studies of Emerging Infections
M07.56 Case Studies of Emerging Infections provides an in-depth examination of newly identified or re-emerging infectious diseases. Through detailed case studies, this topic explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies of emerging infections, offering valuable insights for medical students.
5
- 56.0
  M07.56.01 Zika Virus Outbreak
- 56.1
  M07.56.02 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic
- 56.2
  M07.56.03 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak
- 56.3
  M07.56.04 COVID-19 Pandemic
- 56.4
  M07.56.05 Chikungunya Outbreaks
M07.57 Global Surveillance and Response
Global Surveillance and Response is a critical aspect of public health aimed at detecting, assessing, and responding to emerging infectious diseases and other health threats on a global scale. This field encompasses various strategies, tools, and collaborations to prevent and control disease outbreaks.
14
- 57.0
  M07.57.01 Principles of Global Surveillance
- 57.1
  M07.57.02 Disease Surveillance Systems
- 57.2
  M07.57.03 Early Warning Systems
- 57.3
  M07.57.04 Data Collection and Analysis
- 57.4
  M07.57.05 Epidemiological Investigations
- 57.5
  M07.57.06 Risk Assessment
- 57.6
  M07.57.07 International Health Regulations
- 57.7
  M07.57.08 Collaborative Networks
- 57.8
  M07.57.09 Technology in Surveillance
- 57.9
  M07.57.10 Response Strategies and Interventions
- 57.10
  M07.57.11 Communication and Information Sharing
- 57.11
  M07.57.12 Capacity Building and Training
- 57.12
  M07.57.13 Case Studies and Best Practices
- 57.13
  M07.57.14 Challenges and Future Directions

FAQs

What background knowledge is required for this course?

This course is suitable for students with a basic understanding of biology. Familiarity with concepts such as cell structure, genetics, and basic microbiology is beneficial but not required.

Are there any prerequisites for enrolling in the course?

There are no specific prerequisites for enrolling in the course. However, students should have a strong interest in medical microbiology and a commitment to learning and participating in laboratory activities.

What practical skills will I gain from the course?

The course includes hands-on laboratory sessions where you will learn essential microbiological techniques, including microscopy, culture methods, biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, preparing you for future laboratory work in healthcare or research settings.

How will the course be delivered?

The course may be delivered through a combination of lectures, laboratory sessions, online modules, and interactive discussions. Students can expect a blend of traditional teaching methods and modern technologies to enhance learning outcomes.

What career opportunities are available after completing the course?

Graduates of the course may pursue careers in various fields, including clinical microbiology laboratories, public health agencies, pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and academic institutions. Roles may include medical laboratory technologist, microbiologist, infection control practitioner, research assistant, or educator.

Instructor

Mymedschool.Org

1008 Students

14 Courses

MyMedSchool – Online Medical Education

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Reviews

Free

Student:

288 Students

Lesson:

543 Lessons

Duration: 52 Weeks

Quiz:

0 Quizzes

Level: Intermediate

Featured Review

An exceptional course offering a deep dive into microbial world. Comprehensive lectures, hands-on labs, and insightful case studies make complex topics accessible and engaging. A must for aspiring medical professionals, providing critical knowledge in diagnosing and managing infectious diseases. Highly recommended for its clarity and practical relevance.

M07 Medical Microbiology