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M05.09.02 Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is a developmental condition characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors, which can manifest during the developmental period. There are various causes, with some being genetic, environmental, or a combination of both.
Causes of Intellectual Disability
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Most common environmental cause of intellectual disability.
- Occurs due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
- Associated with cognitive impairments, developmental delays, and distinct facial features.
Genetic Causes
- Down Syndrome: The most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability, typically due to Trisomy 21.
- Fragile X Syndrome: A genetic condition causing intellectual disability, especially in males, due to a mutation in the FMR1 gene.
Levels of Intellectual Disability
The severity of intellectual disability is classified into four levels: mild, moderate, severe, and profound, based on the individual’s adaptive functioning and support needs.
| Level | Functioning |
|---|---|
| Mild (85% of intellectually disabled; 2:1 male) | Self-supporting with some guidance; usually diagnosed in the first year of school. |
| Moderate | Benefits from vocational training but requires supervision; may work in sheltered workshops. |
| Severe | Vocational training is not helpful, but individuals can learn basic self-care and communication. |
| Profound | Requires a highly structured environment with constant nursing care and supervision. |
Points to Remember
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most common environmental cause.
- Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome are the most common genetic causes.
- Intellectual disability is categorized based on severity and functional abilities, ranging from mild to profound.