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M05.09.05 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that significantly impair functioning in multiple settings, such as home, school, or work.
Key Features of ADHD
- Prevalence:
- Affects more males than females (approximately 10:1 ratio).
- Diagnostic Criteria:
- Symptoms must be present for more than 6 months.
- Symptoms must manifest before the age of 12.
- Impairment must occur in at least two different settings (e.g., home and school).
- Pathophysiology:
- Associated with imbalances in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission.
Treatment Options
The primary treatment modalities for ADHD include:
- Stimulants:
- Methylphenidate
- Dextroamphetamine
- Non-Stimulants:
- Atomoxetine
- Guanfacine
Table 1: Comparison of Conduct Disorder vs. Oppositional Defiant Disorder
| Feature | Conduct Disorder | Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
|---|---|---|
| Age of Onset | Until age 18 | Preteens to teens |
| Gender Prevalence | Boys > girls | Boys > girls (pre-puberty) Boys = girls (post-puberty) |
| Symptoms | – Aggressive behavior for > 6 months – Violation of societal rules – Destruction of property – Deceitfulness or theft | – Negative, hostile, defiant behaviors towards authority for > 6 months |
| Etiology | Genetic factors | Genetic factors |
Points to Remember
- ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
- Diagnosis requires evidence of symptoms occurring in multiple environments.
- Treatment includes both stimulant and non-stimulant medications.
- Understanding the differences between related disorders, such as Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Bibliography Reference Links
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Barkley, R. A. (2015). ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. New York: Guilford Press.
- Faraone, S. V., et al. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 15020. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.20