Curriculum

13 Sections
181 Lessons
52 Weeks

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M04 Quiz: Medical Physiology
This comprehensive quiz covers a wide range of topics from all sections of physiology, ensuring a thorough evaluation of your understanding. With a pool of 500 questions, each quiz attempt will present a unique set of randomly selected questions, offering a diverse testing experience every time.
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  M04 Quiz: Medical Physiology
  15 Minutes10 Questions
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  M04 Quiz: Medical Physiology
  5 Minutes5 Questions
M04.01 Cell biology
Understand Cell Structure and Function: Describe organelles and key processes like mitosis. Explore Cell Signaling and Communication: Discuss pathways and cell interactions. Analyze Cellular Transport: Study transport mechanisms and cell cycle regulation. Understand Cell Diversity and Disease: Recognize specialized functions and disease mechanisms. Develop Integrative and Critical Thinking: Connect with other disciplines and analyze data.
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M04.02 Cell physiology
Understand Cellular Processes: Describe metabolism and signal transduction. Explore Energy Production: Define energy pathways and regulation. Analyze Cell Communication: Discuss signaling mechanisms. Understand Homeostasis: Investigate mechanisms maintaining cell balance. Apply in Disease: Understand cellular involvement in diseases.
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M04.03 Fluid Distribution and Edema
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Describe the distribution of body fluids and the factors regulating fluid movement. Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to edema. Identify and evaluate clinical signs and causes of edema. Develop appropriate management and treatment plans for patients with edema.
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M04.04 Excitable Tissue
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and physiology of excitable tissues, emphasizing the mechanisms of action potentials, synaptic transmission, and neuromuscular communication, preparing students to diagnose and treat related disorders effectively.
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M04.05 Muscle
The objective of M04.05 Muscle Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of muscle contraction, the molecular basis of muscle function, the types of muscle tissue, and the regulation of muscle activity. Students will explore muscle metabolism, excitation-contraction coupling, and the physiological adaptations of muscles to exercise and disease.
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M04.06 Cardiovascular
The objective of M04.06 Cardiovascular Physiology is to understand the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, the regulation of blood flow and pressure, and the integration of cardiovascular responses. Students will study cardiac cycle mechanics, electrical conduction, and the physiological basis of cardiovascular diseases and their treatments.
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M04.07 Respiratory
The objective of M04.07 Respiratory Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of breathing, gas exchange, and regulation of respiration. Students will explore the anatomy of the respiratory system, lung mechanics, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and the physiological responses to various conditions such as exercise, altitude, and respiratory diseases.
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M04.08 Gastrointestinal
The objective of M04.08 Gastrointestinal Physiology is to understand the processes of digestion, absorption, and motility within the gastrointestinal tract. Students will study the regulatory mechanisms controlling gastrointestinal function, the roles of various digestive enzymes and hormones, and the integration of neural and endocrine signals in maintaining gastrointestinal health and responding to diseases.
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M04.09 Urinary Physiology
The objective of M04.09 Urinary Physiology is to understand the mechanisms of kidney function, including filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Students will explore the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base homeostasis, urine formation, and the physiological responses to alterations in hydration and electrolyte levels, as well as the impact of renal diseases.
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M04.10 Reproductive
This course explores the intricate mechanisms governing human reproduction. From hormonal regulation to the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, delve into the complexities of male and female reproductive physiology. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the hormonal regulation, anatomical structures, and physiological processes underlying human reproduction.
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M04.11 Central nervous system
function of the brain and spinal cord, including neural communication, sensory and motor pathways, and higher cognitive functions. Students will explore synaptic transmission, neuroplasticity, and the physiological basis of neurological diseases and their treatments.
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M04.12 Endocrine
The objective of M04.12 Endocrine Physiology is to understand the regulation and functions of the endocrine system, including hormone synthesis, secretion, and action. Students will study the roles of major endocrine glands, the mechanisms of hormone signaling, feedback loops, and the physiological effects of hormonal imbalances and endocrine disorders.
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M04.03.17 Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. It plays a crucial role in oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. Understanding pulmonary circulation is fundamental for medical students as it provides insights into respiratory physiology and the pathophysiology of various pulmonary diseases.

Anatomy of Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary circulation involves the following key anatomical structures:

Anatomical Structure	Description
Pulmonary Arteries	Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
Pulmonary Capillaries	Site of gas exchange between alveoli and blood, where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.
Pulmonary Veins	Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Physiology of Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Artery Pressure

Pulmonary artery pressure is lower compared to systemic arterial pressure. Key points include:

Mean pulmonary artery pressure: 10-14 mmHg.
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure: 15-30 mmHg.
Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure: 4-12 mmHg.

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)

PVR is essential in regulating blood flow through the pulmonary circulation. Key points include:

PVR is lower than systemic vascular resistance.
Influenced by factors such as vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length.

Gas Exchange in Pulmonary Capillaries

Gas exchange occurs across the pulmonary capillaries. Key points include:

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to alveoli.
Facilitated by a thin respiratory membrane and a steep partial pressure gradient.

Regulation of Pulmonary Circulation

Autoregulation

Pulmonary circulation is autoregulated to maintain optimal blood flow and oxygenation. Key points include:

Hypoxic vasoconstriction: Constriction of pulmonary arterioles in response to low oxygen levels to redirect blood flow to well-ventilated areas.

Neural Regulation

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation play roles in regulating pulmonary circulation. Key points include:

Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation.

Humoral Factors

Hormonal and biochemical factors influence pulmonary circulation. Key points include:

Endothelin: Causes vasoconstriction.
Nitric oxide: Causes vasodilation.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding pulmonary circulation is crucial in diagnosing and managing various pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and respiratory distress syndrome.

Conclusion

Pulmonary circulation is a vital component of the circulatory system, responsible for oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination. Medical students must grasp the anatomy, physiology, and regulation of pulmonary circulation to comprehend respiratory function and pathology effectively.

Bibliography

Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2015). Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
West, J. B. (2016). Respiratory physiology: the essentials. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Klabunde, R. E. (2012). Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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M04 Medical Physiology